'i
}
If:
-C?
-tjl
'A
CHUYEN DICH DAI
TlT
NHANXUNG NGOI
THLT
HAI
HAN - VIET
it{
51
NGUYEN
NGOC LONG '*'
T
rong giao tiep ngdn ngii, cac
chii
the tham gia giao tiep se phai xung
(tu gpi ten mmh) va hd (ggi ten ngudi
khae).
Cd the ndi, xung hd hay xung ggi
ludn didn ra d tat ca hoat ddng giao tiep
bang ngdn ngir va dugc chia theo ngdi.
Thudng
thi
ngdi giao tiep dugc phan
dinh nhu sau: Ngdi
thii
nha't
chi
ngudi
ndi
(Tuxung),
ngdi
thii
hai chi ngudi nghe
(Dd'i
ximg)
va khdng thudc ngudi ndi,
ngudi nghe la ngdi
thii
ba (Tha xung).
Trong tieng Han hien dai, ngoai
each
xung hd tren cdn cd nhirng tir
nhSn
xung
khae,
nhung ciing ddng vai trd
quan trgng va mang lai hieu qua khdng
nhd trong giao tiep xung hd. Dd la bdng
xifng (phiem chi) thdng xifng (bao gom
tu xung, dd'i xung hoac ca tha xung),
phiic
ximg
(phuc chi nhting danh, dai tir
da ndi d tren)
1.
Cac each
ximg
ho trong ngdn
ngiir Han:
TIf
xirng:
4i
'
^'fl'l
'
"ii ' "S'fn
mi'
M
Bdng
ximg:
^^]A.
'
A^
'
A-fe
'
Thd'ng
ximg:
^'^ ' XikJl
Ddi xung:
^^.
Tha
xUng:
-fe
Phiic xung:
i] £> ' i] ^ ' l]^;L
Vi du:
'J^^^^'K
°
{i!i-
dd'i
ximg,
^ tuxung)
Em thdn yeu hdy bay ciing anh,
xuyen qua nhihig cdnh rifng de ngdm
nhin khe sudi nho.
A
!i-
Hi
-
y^
'J^
•€ 4 '
i^^i'k^
•^
°
{4'i
tu
ximg,
ilk
tha xung)
Ta nguyen ldm con citu nho, ludn
d
ben cd dy.
i^-^^^i^)i
^m^.{itthaxung)
Anh diy nhd't dinh se tdi khu rdng
Bgch Hoa ndy.
flbl"^
° (A ^
bdng xung,
^ tuxUng)
Quy nii: nhd ngudi ta cd hoa deo,
cha minh tien it khdng mua noi.
A^^t%]An^
° (i h
dd'i xung,
^
bdng
ximg ^
tu xung,
Ij £>
phiic xUng)
Vi ngdy mai em se
Id
cd ddu ciia
ngudi khde, anh cdn kim che long minh.
'*'CN.
DaihocHaNdi.
53
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (92) - 2009
NGUYEN
NGQC LONG
{^'ikJL
thd'ng xung)
Mdi khi ai dd co thu
tinh,
moi ngudi
ciing tranh nhau doc.
2.
Cach
ximg
ho tieng Han va
tieng Viet
Tir xung hd trong tieng Han va tieng
Viet vl CO ban cd diem tuang ddng,
nhung cung cd nhilu net
khae
biet mang
dac thu rieng cua hai
dan
tgc. Ldp tiir
xung hd tieng Viet rat phong phii, chi
tiet, mang
sde
thai bieu cam cao,
sir
dung vd ciing
linh
hoat, dem lai hieu qua
nha't dinh trong giao tiep, song cting kha
phiic tap. Ngugc
lai,
ttr xung hd tieng
Han hien dai da trai qua qua trinh gian
hoa, vdi ba ngdi
^
wo.
Or-
ni,
-fe
ta,
mang tinh khai quat va triu tugng hon.
Diiu
nay mang den nhirng trd ngai
khdng nhd cho nhiing hoat ddng lien
ngdn ngir van hda giiia hai dan tdc, trong
dd cd viec chuyendich ldp
tir
xung hd
Han - Viet. Day se la chieu hudng chuyen
dich ttr Idi ndi trim tugng, khdng chi tiet,
trung
tinh
sang phong
each
chi tiet,
uy6n
chuyin, tinh te va het sii'c linh hoat.
Ldp ttr xung hd trong bat ky ngdn
ngir nao cung chia thanh hai nhanh,
mdt de xung ggi trong cac quan he
than tdc, nhiing tu nay, gan nhu khdng
cd bien the, dugc
xae
lap ttr md'i quan
he huyet thd'ng rat rd rang, khi chuyin
dich kha don gian nhu trong tieng Han,
tieng Viet va tieng Anh:
^^:
dng,
grandfather;
iT^-kVj:
bd, grandmother;
^^:
bd, father;
i^i^:
me, mother;
-^
-^:
anh trai, brother;
MM:
chi gdi,
sister;
^ ^
: em trai, younger
brother,
i^i^:
em gdi, younger sister;
^Jl^Ji:
chii,
uncle;
Hii:
cd, aunt;
% % :
cdu, uncle;
^
i^:
bde
uncle:
^'V-^:
chdu, grandson, v.v
Nhanh cdn lai la tap hgp cua ttr xung
hd sir dung trong giao tie'p giii'a nhiing
md'i quan he phi than tdc. Nhanh nhiing
ttr xung hd nay trong tieng Han hien dai
khdng chi tiet, phiic tap nhu tieng Viet.
Tuy nhien, khi chuyendich sang tieng
Viet, lai gap rat nhieu trd ngai.
Nhirng trd ngai trong qua
trinh
chuyin dich Idp tuxung hd chi cac md'i
quan he phi than tgc ttr tieng Han sang
tieng Viet, xua't phat chinh tu dac thti
ciia
hai ngdn ngtr ma cu
thi
la dac diem
ciia
he thd'ng ttr xung hd nhanh hai. Mgt
ben la sir dung dai ttr nhanxung mang y
nghia trung tinh khdng phan biet dia vi,
tuoi tac, sang hen, tdn khinh Mgt ben
la mugn he thd'ng ttr xung hd nhanh mdt,
chl quan he than tdc mang
sde
thai bieu
cam cao dl xung ggi nhiing thanh vien
tham gia giao tie'p khdng
hi
cd quan he
huyet thd'ng. Bai viet nay chi de cap den
each
thiirc chuyendich Han - Viet vl dai
ttr nhanxung ngdi
thii
hai trong hoat
ddng giao tiep giira cac md'i quan he phi
than tgc.
Mang ten ggi
la
dai ttr nhanxung
ngdi
thii
hai, song, trong cac hoat ddng
giao tiep ngdn ngir, ngdi thti hai de hd
ggi thudng xua't hien trudc ngdi
thii
nha't. Ddng thdi cung
la
khach the
mang tinh dd'i lap tuyet dd'i va quan
trgng dd'i vdi ngdi
thii
nha't, chu
thi ciia
hoat ddng giao tie'p. Viec chuyendich
nhdm daitunhanxung ngdi thiir hai
tieng Han sang tieng Viet cung phiic
tap nhat. Boi cd qua nhilu tuong duong
de
lira
chgn khi chuyen dich,
ttiy
theo
ttrng canh hudng giao tie'p cu
thi.
54
CHUYEN DICH DAI
TlT NHAN
XUNG NGOI
THlT HAI
HAN - VIET
Vi du:
itil^40-ft4 '
A-^^l^tltfj
o
1.
Thdy hay tin d em, em se he't
siic
CO
gang.
2.
Cd hay tin d em, em se he't
sire
CO
gang.
3.
Bd hay tin d con, con se het
sire
CO
gang.
4.
Me hay tin d con, con se he't
siic
CO
gang.
5.
Thu trudng hay tin d tdi, tdi se
he't
siic
cd gang.
6. Anh hay tin d em, em se he't
siic
cd gang.
7.
Em hay tin 6 anh, anh se het
siic
cd' gang.
8. Ong hay tin d chau, chau
.se
he't
sure cd gdng.
9. Bd hay tin d chau, chau se het
sure
cd gdng.
10.
Bde hay tin d chau, chau se het
siic
cd gdng.
11.
Chu hay tin d chau, chau se he't
siic
cd gdng.
12.
Cd hay tin d chau, chau se he't
sure
cd gdng.
13.
Bgn hay tin d tdi, tdi se he't
siic
cd' gang.
14.
Cdu hay tin d minh,
minh
se he't
sii'c cd gdng.
15.
Mdy hay tin d tao, tao se he't
siic
CO
gang.
Dai tir
-f.^
ni cua tieng Han d vi du tren
cd the cd ft nha't 15 dia ttr tuong duong
trong tieng Viet
ttiy
thudc vao hoan canh,
tuoi tac, dia vi, gidi tinh cua cac vai giao
tie'p.
Va duong nhien, cung keo theo su
thay doi ve viec
xae
lap cac quan he ddi lap
ciia
cac ttr nhanxung chi ngdi thiir nha't
{tlidy
- em, bd - con, anh - em, chit - chdu,
mdy- tao: )
id
'^.
ngai
th^y
co bo me thu anh em ong ba bac chu ban
cSu
may
trucmg
3.
Van de chuyen djch Han - Viet
Tinh
phiic tap vl viec chuyin dich
Han - Viet cac dai tir nhanxung ngdi
thii
hai khdng chi d
ehd
cd tdi 15 tucmg
duong de
lira
chgn cho mdi tinh hudng
ma thuc te cd tren 15 kha nang hay
phien ban de xem xet. Bdi tinh chi tiet
hda, bieu cam cao trong phong
each
xung hd tieng Viet, nd dugc
thi
hien d
nhung cap ttr xung hd dd'i xiing. Khi dich
sir dung cap ngdi - tdi, anh - tdi, em -
tdi.
bgn - ldi,
thii
trifdng - tdi, cdu - tdi, se cd
sde thai bilu cam
khae
so vdi viec dich
thanh ngdi - em, anh - em, em - anh, bgn
-
id
(minh), thit trifdng - em, cdu - minh
(id)
va cang
khae
xa vdi each dich la
mdy - tao.
Ngay nay, ngudi Han dting chu yeu
hai dai ttr nhan xung
i^
(thdng xung),
Ht-
(kinh
ximg)
dl hd ggi trong giao tie'p.
Viec sir dung dai ttr nhanxung mang
nghla
trung
tinh trong tieng Han hien dai
55
TAP CHI HAN NOM
SO
1 (92) - 2009
NGUYEN
NGQC LONG
da tranh dugc phiin ha cua hien tugng
trting ten hg va dac biet lam cho nhiing
cau van trong giao tie'p ngdn ggn ban,
tinh te han va cung hien dai hon.
Ngudi Trung Qud'c cd thdi quen
dung hg dl ggi nhu
?^
^ 'if
{thdy
Truong),
Fit
l^]
^
{ban Nguyin),
I-^±
{Ong
Vuong),^'VM.
{cd Ly).
Khae
vdi
ldi sir dung daitunhanxung trung tinh
i^-
ni,
f^-
nin,
each
hd ggi nay, ngoai
cdng nang khu biet ddi tugng giao tiep,
cdn mang
sde
thai bieu cam nha't dinh,
bilu thi
sir
tdn trgng,
lich
su va ca gan
giii nira. Nhung ne'u trong mdt ldp hgc
cd ttr hai hgc sinh mang hg
P>t
Nguyen
tra len
thi
fitJ^^
{bgn Nguyin) khdng
cdn tinh chat khu biet ten ggi cho mdt ca
thi
niia va ddi khi ciing rdc rdi neu cac
thanh vien nay cting tham gia giao tiep.
Tuy nhien, ldi hd ggi Hg -I- Chiic danh
hoac
dia
vi xa hdi lai mang lai thuan lgi
cho hoat ddng chuyen dich.
Ciing nhu xu the phat trien chung
CLia
ttr xung hd trong tieng Han
la
di theo
hudng khai quat hda, trtru tugng hda va
gian hoa, cac dai ttr nhanxung thudc
ngdi
thii
hai trong tieng Han hien dai da
*
trai qua trinh phat trien, thay doi, chgn
Igc tu than rat thii vi.
Giai doan dau vdi ba dai ttr
/k
nhif,
fr^
nhi,
-^ lif
mang y nghla trung
tinh
hoan
toan nhu you trong tieng Anh. Dai ttr nhan
xung
/p;
nhi,
)k
{-k)
nhu, sau nay phat
trien thanh
ij:
ni trong tieng Han hien dai.
Vl du:
1.
T^#T^3ft
' imfr^J^^MA^'^i
{Kinh Thi)
Nhd nguoi khdng len nui sdn bdt,
tgi sao trudc
ciia
nhd lgi treo nhieu thit
tha rimg nhu vay?
2.
i^^^ij.'^,
-kf-f^y^'^
°
{Kinh Thi)
Mdu xanh, mdu xanh, mdu xanh ndy
Id
do chinh tay ndng del nen.
O
VI
du 1. ngdi
thii
hai
/'^
mud'n
nhae
tdi trong tac phdm Kinh Thi la ten
chu nd vdi thdi khdng
lam
ma hudng,
cau van mang nang y phe phan.
-k
nhU
chi ngudi vg yeu da'u da qua ddi d vi du
thii
2. Trong hai vf du tren,
^s
nhi va
-k:
nhd dugc dich
la
nhd nguoi va ndng la
do da xii
If
khi chuyendich sang ldi
xung ggi mang sde thai bieu cam ciia
tieng Viet. Thuc te, d giai doan nay, hai
dai ttr nhanxung ngdi thiir hai
iy-
va
-k
hoan toan mang y nghla trung tfnh.
Khoang 200 nam sau, vao nhiing
nam 400 - 500 TCN (thdi Khong Tu,
Ludn ngii) bat ddu co
sir
phan cdng vl y
nghia cung nhu
each
dung. Ngoai y
nghla mang tfnh khai quat nhu
ij:
ni
trong tieng Han hien dai, cac dai ttr trong
tieng Han co
^
nhi,
ijc
{-k)
nhif,
-^
tif
cdn bieu thi nhimg sde thai tinh cam yeu
ghet, tdn khinh Ngudi cd dia vi tha'p
hon dung
ik,
^-,
khi chuyendich sang
tieng Viet, thudng dich la nguoi, con hoac
nhd
ngifoi.
Ngudi cd hgc, cd dia vi cao
trong xa hdi hon dting
^,
thudng dich
la Tien sinh, thdy hoac dng.
Vf du:
3.
#t>g-#^.?i7^ti'
'^%$,m
?
(Ludn
ngii)
Ve Qudn tin nhiem, mdi thdy lo
qud'c su, thdy
seldm
gi ddu tien?
4.
m-M^^^^^^-
"A^trSt
.t-
? " (Ludn
ngif).
56
CHUYEN DICH DAI
TIT
NHANXUNG NGOI
THlTHAI
HAN -
VI$T
Nhan Uyen Quy
Lip
difng hdu,
Khdng Tu ndi: "Sao cdc nguoi (con)
khdng ndi chi hudng
ciia
minh ra? "
{Td truyen)
Nhd nguoi thi biet gi ? Ne'u chi sdng
den trung tuoi thi cdi
edy
tren md nhd
ngifoi
dd du cd ngudi dm rdi
ddy.
De'n thdi Mac Tif, Mgnh Tif, Trang
Tif, dai tir nhanxung ngdi
thii
hai
^
tif
khdng cdn mang nghia tdn xung nhu
f£
nin nua, ma chi cd y nghla trung tinh
nhu
^1^-
ni trong tieng Han hien dai. Cung
vao giai doan nay,
]k,
^
mang
sde
thai
bilu cam tieu
cue
rd ret, dugc diing vdi
thai do coi thudng, khinh miet ke
tiiu
nhan. Tuy nhien, khi quan he giii'a hai
thanh vien giao tie'p than thiet tdi mirc
cue
diem thi
-ik,
^-
lai dugc diing dl bieu cam,
dugc ggi la
"ff.>kSL Niii nhCf
giao", y chi
ldi giao tie'p than thiet de'n
miic
tao, mdy
"sudng
sd". Trong tieng Han hien dai cd
ttr
,^^ S]
va tieng Viet cd ttr
"con
did"
cung cd
each
dung tuong tu nhu vay, dting
de chi hai thai
cue
trai ngugc nhau: he't sire
cam ghet va cue ky yeu men.
Khae
vdi tieng Han hien dai, dai ttr
nhan xung ngdi thir hai trong tieng Han
CO
kha phong phii, ngoai
^k,
'1^,
-?"
cdn
cd
^
nhuge,
ifv
nhi,
TJ
ndi. Cd dieu, ba
dai ttr nay chi mang y nghla trung tfnh,
cd the diing thay
the
tuong duong nhu
i^~
ni {you) va
ij:
6^
ni de {your).
Sd lugng dai ttr nhanxung chi ngdi
thii
hai trong tieng Han co kha ddng,
each dting rat linh hoat, y nghla ngir
dung cung
ludn
thay doi theo diln bien
xa hdi, khi thi sir dung vdi nghia khai
quat, trung tfnh, khi thi mang y nghla
bilu cam yeu ghet, tdn khinh Vi vay,
khi chuyin dich sang tieng Viet, can xae
dinh thdi gian, khdng gian, hoan canh
ciia
tac gia, tac phdm ngir ngudn, cu
thi
la
tieng Han, hay ndi
khae
di la trudc khi
chuyen dich sang ngdn ngir dfch (tieng
Viet),
cac dich gia can dich trong ndi bd
ngir ngudn (tieng Han).
Cac dai ttr nhanxung ngdi
thii
hai
trong ndi bd tieng Han ciing cd khae biet
giira tieng Han cd va tieng Han hien dai.
Sau qua trinh gian hda, dai
tir.
nhanxung
ngdi
thii
hai trong tieng chi cdn lai
ij;
(thdng xung) va
/£.
(tdn xung). Dai ttr
nhan xung sd ft
ij:
ni dugc phat triin ttr
/p
nhi trong tieng Han co. Su xuat hien
ciia /*.
nin ngdi
thii
hai mang y nghia
kinh
ximg
trong tieng Han hien dai
da dugc nhilu nha lich sir ngdn ngir hgc
Han quan tam, nghien ciiru. Theo
^^^-frf-,
(Nguyen nhdn chgn dgi tif nhdn kinh
ximg
Ht-
nin), dang tren bao Joumal of
Zhangjiakou Vocational College of
Technology, sd 19 ky 4 thang 12 nam
2006,
1-E:
nin la hgp am
ciia
j.^-fl'l
ni men
(dai ttr nhanxung ngdi
thii
hai sd nhieu).
Dai ttr
i^.ii]
ni men dugc
dge m6m
la
nim,
sau chuyen thanh nin
f£,
nim-nin.
Vuong Luc, nha nghien ciiru lich sir ngdn
ngir Han cho rdng, dai ttr
fS
nin khi mdi
xua't hien d thdi Tdng Nguyen khdng
mang y nghla kinh
ximg.
Vi du:
""l];!./^.
^^ikk.""
Ta
Id chii
re cita ede chdu.
i't
a day chi cac chau
i^^-ii]
(you). Xet
ttt
binh dien ngii am, dng cho rdng
M
nin
la ndi tdt
ciia
ttr td
i^^A^
ni lao
renjia (ninlao - nil- nin).
Tieng Han cd dac
thti.
y nghla nhieu
khi bat ngudn ttr ban than van tu.
Thudng nhirng chir Han cd bd
'C^'
tdm
§7
TAP
CHi HAN
NOM SO 1
(92) -
2009
NGUYEN
NGQC LONG
nhu:
,^-
trung,
1^
niem,
^
sdu,
^,t-
ddc,
^
edm,
&
tu
diu
bilu
thi sac
thai tinh
cam. Phan tfch
ttr bd cue
chir
j!t-
nin cho
ta
y
nghia lien tudng
de'n
bilu
thi
sir
kinh
trgng,
tdn thd.
Tren
bd tdm cd
chii
-f.lr
ni
('C^Ji^'f,^
ldm
thugng
hiTii
nhi).
Sau
nay,
cung
vdi
sir
phat triin
cua
xa
hdi,
iiy.
ni,
i!t
nin cd su khu
biet
vl
nghla ngir
dung,
'f.l^
(thdng
ximg)
chi
ngdi
thii
hai sd it,
mang
y
nghia trung
tfnh
cao.
i!t-
(kinh
ximg)
dung
cho ca so
nhilu
va sd ft.
Hien tugng
dai ttr
nhan
xung
sd
nhieu
hay kem
theo nghia
tdn
ximg
cd d
nhilu ngdn ngir. Trong tieng
Anh
CO dai ttr
thou
(i^)
luc ddu
khdng
mang
y
nghia kinh xifng,
sau nay
xuat
hien
you, ye
(/^.),
sau dd
thou
dan dan ft
dung
cho de'n the ky
XVIII
thi
hoan toan
khdng
sir
dung nira. Khdng
cdn
thou
mang
y
nghla
dd'i lap, you
cung khdng
cdn nghia {kinh xifng)
ma
dting
vdi y
nghla khai quat, trung tinh hoan toan.
Tdm
lai, Iy
giai
y
nghia
ngi bd ban
than ngir ngudn (tieng
Han)
thuc
su cd y
nghia
cho qua
trinh chuyin dich
Han -
Viet.
Cd
dieu,
qua
trinh
phat triin,
sir
bien
doi cua tu
than
cac dai ttr
nhanxung
tieng
Han
thii
vi bao
nhieu
thi
viec
tim
cac tuong duong trong ngii dfch
de
chuyin dich
lai
phiic
tap bay
nhieu.
Tam
If ciing
nhu
chien
lugc
trong giao tie'p
d
bat
ky
ngdn ngii
nao
ciing
deu
phiic
tap.
Ldi xung
hd rat chi
tiet, bieu
cam cua
tieng Viet chuyin
tai
dugc dieu
nay, dac
biet
d
ngdi
thii
hai.
Ngugc
lai
tieng
Han
hien
dai vdi ldi
xung
hd
mang tfnh khai
quat,
sir
dung
dai ttr
ij:,
it
Tat ca cac
trang thai
tam
If,
tinh
cam
ciia
cac
thanh
vien tham
gia
giao tie'p trong
cac md'i
quan
he
chdng chit
ciia
xa hdi
diu
gdi
ggn trong
hai ttr
i^.,
it
Khi
chuyen
djch
se dugc
cac
dich
gia ma hda, chi
tiet
hda
dl
ddc gia
ngdn ngii dfch (tieng Viet)
cd
thi
cam
nhan dugc
y
nghla ngii dung
ma
ban than ngii nguon mudn chuyen
tai
thdng
qua cac ttr
xung
hd.
N.N.L
Tai lieu tham
khko chinh
1.
Nguyin
Tai Cdn: Mgt so vdn
de
ve
ngdn ngii
hgc
Viet
Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc &
THCN, 1981.
2.
Nguyin Hdng
Cdn: Co sd
ngon
ngU
hgc ciia nghien
cdu
dich thudt
vd bg mon
dich
thudt
hgc,
Ngdn
ngif,
sd
8, 2004.
3.
Nguyin
Van
Khang: Tieng Hdn
dViel
Nam
vdi tu
each
Id
mgt
ngogi ngit,
Tap chf
Ngon
nga,
so
1,1999.
4.
Le
Dinh Khdn:
Tit
viflig
gdc Hdn
trong tieng Viet hien dgi, Nxb.
Dai hpc
quo'c
gia Tp.
Hd Chf
Minh, 2002.
5.
Nguyin Ngpc
San: Anh
hudng cUa
tieng
Hdn vdo
tieng Viet, trong Nghien citu
vd dgy hgc lieng Hdn
(Ki
yS'u
Hpi
thao khoa
hpc qud'c te), 2006,
U.263-281.
6.
F$ia^:
{^m^^^it^my,
x
^#r:
Ji^lr^hif #lf it
;jg.?i.
2000.
7.
f,f.®i^:
{^^^%itX^-}
,
itt^:
^hi|-#t#^*^%
tb;&^i.
1984./.
58
. Viet. Thuc te, d giai doan nay, hai
dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thiir hai
iy-
va
-k
hoan toan mang y nghla trung tfnh.
Khoang 200 nam sau, vao nhiing
nam. mang
sde
thai
bilu cam tieu
cue
rd ret, dugc diing vdi
thai do coi thudng, khinh miet ke
tiiu
nhan. Tuy nhien, khi quan he giii'a hai
thanh