Tài liệu Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 pdf

[...]... cultivated land, dryland rangelands, and coastal and marine systems are now degraded, and the degraded area continues to expand [4] Changing Land Use and Land Cover Current rates of land cover change are greatest for tropical moist forests and for temperate, tropical, and flooded grasslands, with 14 % of each of these lost between 19 50 and 19 90 Temperate broadleaf forests, Mediterranean forests, and grasslands... in italics xxi Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 Summary: Ecosystems and Their Services around the Year 2000 Core Writing Team: Robert Scholes, Rashid Hassan, Neville J Ash Extended Writing Team: Condition and Trends Working Group CONTENTS 1 Human Well-being and Life on Earth • Inescapable Link between Ecosystem Condition and Human Well-being... Summary: Ecosystems and Their Services around the Year 2000 Population growth between 19 90 and 2000 Net primary productivity Population growth between 19 90 and 2000 3 20 1. 0 20 Gross domestic product dollars per capita 20 000 16 0.8 16 16 000 12 0.6 12 12 000 8 0.4 8 8 000 4 0.2 4 4 000 0.0 0 in percentage kg / sq meter/ year 0 Cultivated Mountain Dryland Coastal 0 Island Forest and woodland Population... 1 2 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends Human Well-being and Life on Earth • Human well-being depends, among other things, on the continued supply of services obtained from ecosystems • Human actions during the last 50 years have altered ecosystems to an extent and degree unprecedented in human history The consequences for human well-being have been mixed Health and wealth have,... Chapter 15 Waste Processing and Detoxification Chapter 16 Regulation of Natural Hazards: Floods and Fires Chapter 17 Cultural and Amenity Services 16 5 209 243 2 71 297 3 31 355 3 91 417 4 41 455 Part III: An Assessment of Systems from which Ecosystem Services Are Derived Chapter 18 ... near-natural ecosystems Inescapable Link between Ecosystem Condition and Human Well-being All people depend on the services supplied by ecosystems, either directly or indirectly Services are delivered both by ‘‘near-natural’’ ecosystems, such as rangelands, oceans, and forests, and by highly managed ecosystems such as cultivated or urban landscapes Human well-being, by several measures and on average across and. .. practices and varieties) and through species extinctions r Livestock r Capture Fisheries o Aquaculture r Wild plant and animal food products Fiber NA Timber Cotton, hemp, silk Wood fuel ‫؁/؀‬ Genetic resources r (continues) 8 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends Table C1 continued Service Sub-category Human Usea Enhanced or Degradedb Biochemicals, natural medicines, and pharmaceuticals... attributes may enhance spiritual appreciation for what remains C17.2.3 r Water purification and waste treatment r Disease regulation r Pest regulation r Pollination r Natural hazard regulation Cultural Services Cultural diversity Spiritual and religious values r r (continues) 10 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends Table C1 continued Human Usea Enhanced or Degradedb Knowledge systems NA NA... Sweden, Finland, and Germany account for more than half of the exports The global forestry sector annually provides subsistence and wage employment of 60 million work years, with 80% in the developing world There is a trend in increasing employment in sub-tropical and tropical regions and declining employment in temperate and boreal regions 12 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends Biomass... NGOs, and indigenous peoples The objective of the MA was to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and to establish the scientific basis for actions needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human wellbeing This volume has been produced by the MA Condition and Trends Working Group and assesses the state of knowledge on ecosystems . these foundations. 11 432$ $$FM 10 -11 -05 14 :48:08 PS Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 PAGE iii 11 432$ $$FM 10 -11 -05 14 :48:08 PS Millennium. Series Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: