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THE APRESS ROADMAP
Pro
Oracle Database 11g
Administration
Pro
Oracle SQL
Beginning
Oracle Database 11g
Administration
Beginning
Oracle SQL
Pro
Oracle Database 11g
RAC on Linux
Expert
Oracle Practices
www.apress.com
SOURCE CODE ONLINE
Companion eBook
Steve Shaw, Author of
Pro Oracle Database 10g
RAC on Linux
Martin Bach
Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC
on Linux
Dear Reader,
You are holding in your hands the result of our experience and best-thinking when
it comes to installing, configuring, and tuning Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux.
Real Application Clusters, or RAC as it is commonly called, is Oracle’s industry-
leading architecture for building scalable and fault-tolerant databases. RAC pro-
vides redundancy through multiple servers, allowing you to scale up and down
simply by adding or subtracting servers.
Using practical examples and illustrations we take you through all the stages
of building the infrastructure for the latest 11g Release 2 clustered environments
from selecting the right hardware components to installing and configuring Oracle
Enterprise Linux. We detail how to install and configure Oracle VM—Oracle’s
own virtualization solution—to enable anyone to begin working with Oracle RAC
straight away. We show the spectrum of configurations from single server to a fully
virtualized RAC implementation.
Building upon the Linux foundation, you will see how to successfully imple-
ment Oracle’s Grid infrastructure and RAC database software even when upgrad-
ing from an Oracle Database 10g release. You will also learn how to manage and
monitor your new clustered installation through workload management and per-
formance monitoring, and parallel execution.
We make no assumptions on your experience with Oracle 11g RAC Release 2,
or with Linux. Our goal in this book is to provide a complete reference to all of the
information you will need, beginning with the essential grounding of concepts and
architecture. We have comprehensively researched, tested, and detailed every step
of the process so this book can be your guide to taking the next step in the evolu-
tion of grid and cloud computing with Oracle 11g Release 2 RAC on Linux.
Steve Shaw & Martin Bach
The eXperT’s Voice
®
in oracle
Pro
Oracle Database 11g
RAC on Linux
Installation, Administration, Performance
Steve Shaw and Martin Bach
Create robust and scalable database systems
using Oracle’s clustering and grid technologies
Covers
11g Release 2
Shaw
Bach
Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux
Companion
eBook Available
Pro
www.it-ebooks.info
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Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC
on Linux
Steve Shaw
Martin Bach
www.it-ebooks.info
Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux
Copyright © 2010 by Steve Shaw and Martin Bach
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-2958-2
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-2959-9
Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol
with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only
in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of
the trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are
not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject
to proprietary rights.
President and Publisher: Paul Manning
Lead Editor: Jonathan Gennick
Technical Reviewer: Bernhard Cock Buning and Sandesh Rao
Editorial Board: Clay Andres, Steve Anglin, Mark Beckner, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell,
Jonathan Gennick, Jonathan Hassell, Michelle Lowman, Matthew Moodie, Duncan Parkes,
Jeffrey Pepper, Frank Pohlmann, Douglas Pundick, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft,
Matt Wade, Tom Welsh
Coordinating Editor: Anita Castro
Copy Editor: Patrick Meader and Mary Ann Fugate
Compositor: Bytheway Publishing Services
Indexer: BIM Indexing & Proofreading Services
Artist: April Milne
Cover Designer: Anna Ishchenko
Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street,
6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-
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Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use.
eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our
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The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every
precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have
any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused
directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work.
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
iii
Contents at a Glance
About the Author xxi
About the Technical Reviewer xxii
Acknowledgments xxiii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: RAC Concepts 27
Chapter 3: RAC Architecture 63
Chapter 4: Hardware 97
Chapter 5: Virtualization 165
Chapter 6: Linux Installation and Configuration 231
Chapter 7: Grid Infrastructure Installation 323
Chapter 8: Clusterware 379
Chapter 9: Automatic Storage Management 455
Chapter 10: RDBMS Installation and Configuration 505
Chapter 11: Workload Management 559
Chapter 12: Oracle Performance Monitoring 607
Chapter 13: Linux Performance Monitoring 653
Chapter 14: Parallel Execution 687
Chapter 15: Upgrading to Oracle 11g Release 2 717
Index 771
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CONTENTS
iv
Contents
About the Authors xxi
About the Technical Reviewers xxii
Acknowledgments xxiii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Introducing Oracle Real Application Clusters 1
Examining the RAC Architecture 3
Deploying RAC 4
Maintaining High Availability 5
Defining Scalability 6
Scaling Vertically vs. Horizontally 7
Increasing Manageability 8
Assessing the Cost of Ownership 10
Clustering with Oracle on Linux 13
Running Linux on Oracle 16
Understanding the Role of Unix 16
Liberating Software 17
Developing Linux 18
Expanding the Concept of Free with Open Source 19
Combining Oracle, Open Source, and Linux 20
Drilling Down on Unbreakable Linux 21
Creating and Growing Red Hat Enterprise Linux 22
Extending Red Hat with Oracle Enterprise Linux 23
Drilling Down on SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 24
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CONTENTS
v
Taking Linux to Asia 25
Summary 25
Chapter 2: RAC Concepts 27
Clustering Concepts 27
Configuring Active/active Clusters 27
Implementing Active/passive Clusters 28
Configuring a Shared-All Architecture 28
Configuring a Shared-Nothing Architecture 29
Exploring the Main RAC Concepts 29
Working with Cluster Nodes 29
Leveraging the Interconnect 30
Clusterware/Grid Infrastructure 31
Leveraging Automatic Storage Management 39
Installing Real Application Clusters 44
Using the Global Resource Directory (GRD) 49
Transferring Data Between Instances with Cache Fusion 51
Achieving Read Consistency 52
Synchronizing System Change Numbers 52
Exploring the New Features of 11g Release 2 52
Leveraging Grid Plug and Play 53
Modeling Resources with Server Pools 55
Ensuring POSIX Compliance with ACFS 56
Using Oracle Restart Instead of RAC 57
Simplifying Clusterd Database Access with SCAN Listener 59
Summary 60
Chapter 3: RAC Architecture 63
Availability Considerations 63
Deciding the Number of Nodes 65
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CONTENTS
vi
Online Maintenance and Patching 67
Instance Recovery in RAC 72
Failover Considerations 74
Transparent Application Failover 75
Fast Connection Failover and Fast Application Notification 76
Scalability Considerations 77
Scalability Enhancers 78
Scalability Inhibitors 79
Standby Databases 81
Introduction to Oracle Standby Databases 82
Types of Standby Database 83
Active Data Guard 85
Extended Distance Clusters 90
Oracle Streams 91
Streams Processing 92
Oracle Streams Prerequisites 93
Cluster Topologies 94
Summary 95
Chapter 4: Hardware 97
Oracle Availability 98
Server Processor Architecture 99
x86 Processor Fundamentals 99
Multicore Processors and Hyper-Threading 103
CPU Cache 106
CPU Power Management 109
Virtualization 111
Memory 112
Virtual Memory 112
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CONTENTS
vii
Physical Memory 113
NUMA 116
Memory Reliability 125
Additional Platform Features 125
Onboard RAID Storage 126
Machine Check Architectures 126
Remote Server Management and IPMI 127
Network Interconnect Technologies 127
Server I/O 128
Private Interconnect 131
Storage Technologies 136
RAC I/O Characteristics 137
Hard Disk and Solid State Disk Drive Performance 143
RAID 147
Storage Protocols for Linux 153
Summary 164
Chapter 5: Virtualization 165
Virtualization Definition and Benefits 165
Oracle VM 168
Oracle VM Server Architecture 168
Oracle VM Design 174
Oracle VM Server Installation 178
Oracle VM Manager Installation 183
Oracle VM CLI Installation and Configuration 186
Configuring Oracle VM 187
Network Configuration 187
Server Pool Configuration 192
Installing and Configuring Guests 208
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CONTENTS
viii
Importing a Template 209
Creating a Guest from a Template 210
Accessing a Guest 212
Configuring a Guest for RAC 214
Managing Domains 216
Oracle VM Agent 216
Oracle VM Manager 218
Oracle VM Manager CLI 220
The xm Command-Line Interface 222
Summary 230
Chapter 6: Linux Installation and Configuration 231
Selecting the Right Linux Software 231
Reviewing the Hardware Requirements 232
Drilling Down on Networking Requirements 233
Configuring a GNS or a Manual IP 233
Configuring DNS and DHCP 236
Downloading the Linux Software 243
Preparing for a Network Install 243
Installing Oracle Enterprise Linux 5 247
Starting the Installation 247
Installation Media Check 247
Anaconda Installation 247
Install or Upgrade 248
Disk Partitioning 248
Configuring the Boot Loader and Network 259
Selecting a Time Zone 260
Configuring the Root Password 261
Reviewing the Package Installation Defaults 261
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[...]... hardware and Oracle RAC for data processing The RAC option has been available since Oracle 9i Release 1 in the summer of 2001 Prior to that, the clustered Oracle database option was known as the Oracle Parallel Server option RAC offers fundamental improvements over Oracle Parallel Server—and the introduction of Cache Fusion has helped improve application scalability and inter-instance communication, as well... technology stack (see Chapter 3 for a much more in-depth discussion of the RAC architecture) Figure 1-1 The Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) software stack As you can see in Figure 1-1, Oracle RAC is based around the following software components: • Oracle RAC runs on top of an operating system • Oracle RAC builds on the Oracle software stack • Oracle recommends installing Grid Infrastructure—the clustering... the evolution of Oracle clustering products, culminating with the product we know now Introducing Oracle Real Application Clusters Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) is an option that sits on top of the Oracle database Using the shared disk architecture, the database runs across a set of computing nodes offers increased availability, allows applications to scale horizontally, and improves manageability... Installing Additional CDs 265 Configuring Oracle Enterprise Linux 5 265 Configuring a Server with the Oracle Validated RPM 266 Verifying the Oracle Validated RPM Actions 270 Post Oracle Validated RPM Configuration 282 Completing the Linux Configuration for RAC 292 Configuring Shared Storage 298 Discovering and Configuring... (virtualization) products are increasingly being used To counter that trend, RAC One Node builds on the RAC technology stack: Oracle Clusterware, Oracle Automatic Storage Management, and the Oracle database Oracle RAC One Node will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 3 2 www.it-ebooks.info CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Examining the RAC Architecture Figure 1-1 provides an overview of the RAC technology... recovery solutions for mission critical 24x7 systems Martin is a proud member of the Oracle Certified Master community, having successfully passed the exam for Database 10g Release 2 Additionally, he has been nominated as an Oracle Ace, based on his significant contribution and activity in the Oracle technical community With this accreditation, Oracle Corporation recognized his proficiency in Oracle technology... installed and configured From Oracle 10g Release 1 to Oracle 11g Release 1, Oracle s software components could be installed on certified cluster file systems such as Oracle s own OCFS2, a so-called shared Oracle home Beginning with Oracle 11g Release 2, only the RDBMS software binaries can be installed as a shared home, Grid Infrastructure, the cluster foundation, can no longer be installed on a shared... Beginning with Oracle 11, they can also be upgraded once their calls are completed This is especially useful in conjunction with connection pooling and web applications where one session can no longer be directly associated with an individual, as it was in the days of dedicated server connections and Oracle Forms applications In the connection pooling scenario, the application simply grabs a connection out... schemas in their own database or share one database with other projects The more static an application’s data, the more suited that app is for consolidation A different approach to server consolidation is to have multiple databases run on the same cluster, instead of employing one database with multiple schemas Tom Kyte’s web site (http://asktom .oracle. com) includes an ongoing discussion where participants... partitioning powerful hardware Oracle RAC offers a very interesting avenue for Oracle database server consolidation One of the arguments used in favor of consolidation is the fact that it is more expensive (not only from a license point of view) to support a large number of small servers, each with its own storage and network connectivity requirements, than a large cluster with one or only a few databases .
Administration
Pro
Oracle SQL
Beginning
Oracle Database 11g
Administration
Beginning
Oracle SQL
Pro
Oracle Database 11g
RAC on Linux
Expert
Oracle Practices
www.apress.com
SOURCE CODE ONLINE
Companion. Practices
www.apress.com
SOURCE CODE ONLINE
Companion eBook
Steve Shaw, Author of
Pro Oracle Database 10g
RAC on Linux
Martin Bach
Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC
on Linux
Dear
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