ASSIGNMENT REPORT course introductory ethics topic animal rights

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ********** ASSIGNMENT REPORT Course: Introductory Ethics Topic: Animal Rights Group : Group Members’ names : Nguyen Hoang Nguyen Mai Anh Nguyen Phuong Linh Tran Quang Duy Du Trang Linh Class : Advanced Finance 59B Supervisor : Dr Nguyen Bich Ngoc HANOI - 2020 ABSTRACT https://arconference.org/what-is-animal-rights https://www.friendsofanimals.org/program/what-is-meant-by-animal-rights/ https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/animal-rights https://www.wiseoldsayings.com/animal-rights-quotes/#ixzz6GkFXOcKH http://www.esdaw.eu/unesco.html https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/topics/Animal-Rights https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-animal-rights-127600 TABLES OF CONTENTS I I INTRODUCTION II THE CONCEPT’S OF ANIMAL TIGHTS III THE ETHICAL VIEW ABOUT ANIMAL RIGHTS IV ADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS V DISADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS VI IMPORTANCE OF SUPPORTING ANIMAL RIGHTS VII CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Animals have been abused cruelty Throughout history, animal rights has been a subject of concern and debate The concern in Biblical times is expressed in Proverbs 12:10: "A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast: but the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel." President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), was a forerunner in the use of the expression "animal rights": "I am in favor of animal rights as well as human rights That is the way of a whole human being." A foremost spokesperson in modern times, Dr Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) held that "the thinking man must oppose all cruel customs no matter how deeply rooted in tradition or surrounded by a halo We need a boundless ethic which will include the animals also." The rights that both human and non-human animals have are determined by the society in which they live In a democratic society, it is the public that ultimately decides which rights will be given to non-human animals Today, our society has given them very few rights As a result, animals are subjected to an incredible array of abuses Concerned citizens and legislators trying to change the situation propose these legal rights be extended to animals that are used or killed for human benefit Following are some highlight examples of animal abused First of all, in some cases, animals are abused as a pet Some owner may ignore the existence of their pet and let bad things happen to them Sometimes, iintentional abuse goes even further Rather than ignore an animal and leave it to suffer, these people commit deliberate acts of cruelty that may include physically abusing, maiming, torturing or killing an animal Not only the animals need to be removed from the home, but these people should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law There are too many links between people who commit heinous crimes against animals and people who go on to commit crimes against people to allow these crimes to go unpunished As for hoarding, this is often seen as the symptom of a mental health issue While the animals need to be removed from the home for their care and well-being and the hoarder perhaps even forbidden to house animals again, the hoarder needs mental health help as well Sadly, hoarders, if left unattended and untreated, will often repeat their hoarding behavior again, if not many times, over their lifetime Animals as entertainment is a second example of animal cruelty The world is constantly trying to invent and find new forms of entertainment, people often find pleasure in watching animals When thinking about how animals are used in the entertainment industry, it seems that in most cases they are being mistreated These animals may be whipped or beat to get them to perform a trick They may also be stressed by the constant traveling and the noise or camera flashes from the audience Some animals in rodeos may be sent straight to the slaughterhouse after a performance Other things such as animal racing or fights may age an animal quickly and cause myriad health defects and injuries What might seem cute or amusing to us is a terrifying reality for them They are poked, prodded, tied, starved, drugged, and kept in small enclosures just so “animal lovers” can see them up close or watch them perform tricks Humans watch in amazement from outside the cage or arena while wild animals are trapped within, forced to perform These animals are stripped of their freedoms and natural behaviors for our entertainment Most trained acts involving predatory animals thrived (and often still do) off of the potential for danger Trainers would include whips and chairs in their act for dramatic effect In order to perform these thrilling acts, trainers would first gain dominance over the animal behind the scenes The most popular ways to “gain dominance” are by beating, starving, whipping, or even pulling an animal’s teeth to reduce the likeliness of injury to the trainer Once television and motion pictures were introduced to the world, animals were pushed into the spotlight in a different way Countless movies have faced animal abuse charges These include The Hobbit or even Pirates of the Caribbean, etc Animal testing is another example of animal cruelty These animals can be killed or permanantly maimed through testing These includes monkey, rabbit, dogs, mice, Laws and regulatory agencies worldwide currently require that medicines are tested on animals before clinical trials on humans Millions of animals are used in these cruel tests worldwide every year Approximately 202,000 animals were used in 2018 in Britain alone This is on top of the millions of animals used in more basic medical research Rabbits are the most commonly used for toxicity and safety testing of substances such as drugs, chemicals and medical devices They are used in skin and eye irritation studies, such as the archaic and painful Draize tests for cosmetics, personal care, household products and other chemicals This controversial use of rabbits resulted in some of the first large-scale protests against animal experimentation in the 1970s and 1980s and pushed the scientific community to search for in vitro alternatives A number of rabbit models have been developed to study human diseases, the most common being cardiovascular disease, cancer and AIDS They have also been used as bioreactors for the production of pharmaceutical proteins Rabbits or any other kind of animals used in research who are suffering from pain and distress may display a number of signs including lack of appetite, weight loss, selfmutilation, aggression, tremoring and/or vocalization The oversight on scientists engaged in animal testing is imperfect Animals are starved, burned, blinded and go through painful procedures without an aesthetics It goes without saying that animal rights can only be defended by sensible, caring people We have to much more to protest the unnecessary suffering of innocent creatures Activist argues for animals rights Advocacy groups and humanitarians alike have long argued for the rights of animals around the world, fighting for their right as sentient creatures to a life free of torture and suffering Some advocate for not using animals as food, clothing or other goods and others such as vegans even go as far as to denounce the use of animal by-products The animal welfare view, which is distinguishable from the animal rights view, is that humans can use and exploit animals as long as the animals are treated humanely and the use is not too frivolous To animal rights activists, the main problem with this view is that humans not have the right to use and exploit animals, no matter how well the animals are treated Buying, selling, breeding, confining, and killing animals infringe on the animals' rights, no matter how "humanely" they are treated Furthermore, the idea of treating animals humanely is vague and means something different to everyone For instance, an egg farmer may think that there is nothing wrong with killing male chicks by grinding them up alive to cut feeding costs versus yield Also, "cage-free eggs" are not as humane as the industry would have us believe In fact, a cagefree egg operation buys their eggs from the same hatcheries that factory farms buy from, and those hatcheries kill the male chicks as well.  The idea of "humane" meat also seems absurd to animal rights activists, since the animals must be killed to obtain the meat And for farms to be profitable, those animals are killed as soon as they reach slaughter weight, which is still very young.  Animal rights activism is based on the idea that animals are sentient and that speciesism is wrong, the former of which is scientifically backed — an international panel of neuroscientists declared in 2012 that non-human animals have consciousness — and the latter is still hotly contested among humanitarians Animal rights activists argue that because animals are sentient, the only reason humans are treated differently is speciesism, which is an arbitrary distinction based on the incorrect belief that humans are the only species deserving of moral consideration Speciesism, like racism and sexism, is wrong because of animals popular in the meat industry like cows, pigs and chickens suffer when confined, tortured and slaughtered and there is no reason to morally distinguish between humans and non-human animals The reason that people have rights is to prevent unjust suffering Similarly, the reason that animal rights activists want animals to have rights is to prevent them from suffering unjustly We have animal cruelty statutes to prevent some animal suffering, although law prohibits only the most egregious, extraordinary animal cruelty These laws nothing to prevent most forms of animal exploitation, including fur, veal, and foie gras II THE CONCEPT’S OF ANIMAL TIGHTS Definitions of animal’s right As animals’ right is a concept that is gaining more and more attention in today’s life As the animal’s right activists and organizations are developing, the definition for animals’ right also become vary Each famous dictionaries and animal organizations defines animals’ right quite differently, but these definitions still share the same main ideas Both Oxford dictionary and Cambridge dictionary give the same definition for animal’s right which is “the rights of animals to be treated well, for example by not being used for testing drugs or by not being hunted.” The Animal Rights National Conference, the world's largest and longest-running animal rights gathering which found in the U.S., is dedicated to the vision that animals have the right to be free from all forms of human exploitation, including meat, milk, eggs, animal experimentation, fur, hunting, zoos and circuses The American Dietetic Association claims that people can be perfectly healthy as vegans People would also say that scientific experimentation on animal, with no immediate application to human health, is unnecessary because the suffering of the animals outweighs the satisfaction of human curiosity Therefore, “all of these uses of animals are frivolous.” In the book A Vegan Ethic by Mark Hawthorne, the author expressed his idea about animal’s right as follows: “Animal rights can be viewed in two ways The first is animal rights as a social movement to protect animals from exploitation and abuse The second is the idea that animals have the right to be treated with respect as individuals with inherent value Every animal is someone, not something, and they have the right to live free from humans’ inflicting pain and suffering on them We should grant nonhuman animals the right to not be treated as objects—the same right we grant humans, at least in principle.” According to Friends of Animals (FoA), a non-profit international animal advocacy organization, ‘The crux of the idea known as animal rights is a movement to extend moral consideration to all conscious beings Every conscious being has interests that should be respected No being who is conscious of being alive should be used as a resource or a commodity No being should have to be useful to humanity or capable of accepting “duties” in order to be extended moral consideration Indeed, what other animals need from us is being free from duties to us.’ The universal document that approve of animal’s right: UNESCO - Universal Declaration of Animal Rights 17-10-1978 Considering that Life is one, all living beings having a common origin and having diversified in the course of the evolution of the species, Considering that all living beings possess natural rights, and that any animal with a nervous system has specific rights, Considering that the contempt for, and even the simple ignorance of, these natural rights, cause serious damage to Nature and lead men to commit crimes against animals, Considering that the coexistence of species implies a recognition by the human species of the right of other animal species to live, Considering that the respect of animals by humans is inseparable from the respect of men for each other, It is hereby proclaimed that: Article 1: All animals have equal rights to exist within the context of biological equilibrium This equality of rights does not overshadow the diversity of species and of individuals Article 2: All animal life has the right to be respected Article 3: 1°- Animals must not be subjected to bad treatments or to cruel acts 2°- If it is necessary to kill an animal, it must be instantaneous, painless and cause no apprehension 3°- A dead animal must be treated with decency Article 4: 1°- Wild animals have the right to live and to reproduce in freedom in their own natural environment 2°- The prolonged deprivation of the freedom of wild animals, hunting and fishing practiced as a pastime, as well as any use of wild animals for reasons that are not vital, are contrary to this fundamental right Article 5: 1°- Any animal which is dependent on man has the right to proper sustenance and care 2°- It must under no circumstances be abandoned or killed unjustifiably 3°- All forms of breeding and uses of the animal must respect the physiology and behavior specific to the species  Rule utilitarianism says that the morally right action is the one covered by a rule that if generally followed would produce the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered The animal’s right is now gaining more supports from the UN, but the laws in some countries have not ratified those rights yet So we recognize animal’s right if produce the greatest net good, and not approve of it if the results is not good, but we have to follow the laws - Ethical egoism says that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil for oneself, which means in every situation the right action is the one that advances one’s own best interests According to this theory, a person should support animal’s right only if his/her individual benefit derived from it extends his/her bad effects of it  Act egoism suggests that only the balance of good over evils in individuals’ self-interests matter when they choose the right action So a person should support animal’s right if its benefit is great in his/her self-interest, and vice versa  Rule egoism says that to determine the right action, you must see if an act falls under a rule that if consistently followed would maximize your self-interest That means to support animal’s right or not depends on your self-interest, but you still have to follow the rule about animal’s right Nowadays, the laws in the world tends to recognize and support more rights of the animals, while the actions that harm the animals is being tighten and prohibited Therefore, if your self-interest is to agree with animal’s right, you may gain more support from the laws to such actions 3.5 Nonconsequentialist theories - Nonconsequentialist moral theories say that the rightness of an action does not depend entirely on its consequences, but depends primarily, or completely, on the nature of the action itself To a nonconsequentialist, the primary concern is the kind of action So the rightness of animal’s right may varies on how the nature of the action is judged based on different Nonconsequentialist theories - Kant’s theory is a theory established by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) asserting that the morally right action is the one done in accordance with the categorical imperative The categorical imperative is an imperative that we should follow regardless of our particular wants and needs; also, the principle that defines Kant’s ethical system Immanuel Kant was a supporter of animal’s right One of his famous quote is that “We can judge the heart of a man by his treatment of animals.” His contention was that cruelty to animals leads to cruelty to humans.  Thus, it is in the self-interest of humanity to treat animals humanely, at least most of the time.  However, we have an indirect duties to animals, and derive from our duty to respect and foster the ends of humanity (the categorical imperative) Therefore, according to the Kant’s theory, we should totally respect animal’s right - Natural law theory is the theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that follows the dictates of nature Therefore, to evaluate animal’s right using the Natural law theory, we have to consider if animal’s right follows the laws of nature or not ‘Any animal born has the right to live’ is a natural law But at the same time, animals have been killing and eating each other since the life on Earth began This phenomenal, which the biologists called the ‘food chain’, is also a natural law If human only exploit a proper amount of resources from animals in the wild, that law is still obeyed Thus, respecting animal’s right seems an action that follow the natural law, but it is not necessary that human cannot exploit anything from animals - Divine command theory is the theory which states that the morally right action is the one that following the God’s commands So under this theory, the rightness and wrongness of animal’s right varies depend on the beliefs and religions of the local areas There are religions that support animal rights while some others not respect animal’s right at all For example, in Buddhism, the Buddha considers “killing any living being is one of the sins of human” In Christianity, animal’s right is also mentioned in God’s commands, but at a lower level The Bible only has some verses about animal’s right such as "You shall not muzzle the ox while he is threshing.” Moreover, there exists religions that worships certain animals but look down on others, such as Hinduism This Indian Religion worships cows and bans people from eating beef, but does not respect other animals 3.6 Virtue ethics Virtue ethics is a theory of morality that makes virtue the central concern A virtue is a stable disposition to act and feel according to some ideal or model of excellence Virtue is a deeply embedded character trait that can affect actions in countless situations According to this theory, people have the right to choose different goals and characters for their own “virtue” Therefore, the rightness and wrongness of animal’s right depends on whether people include it as a character of virtue or not People who considers respecting animal’s right and going vegan an “excellence” in their life may try to execute it On the contrary, people who follow virtue ethics but not consider animal’s right a part of their virtue may think that as long as they live a good life, animal rights does not matters IV ADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS Encourage compassionate toward animals When we talk about compassion, it’s usually towards other human beings — family, friends, neighbors, co-workers, strangers, people out there in the world, suffering We talk about empathizing and understanding their suffering, and wanting to act to ease or end the suffering We talk about taking action, through kindness, to end the suffering in some way But there are some who believe in compassion towards all living things Many of us have pets now or have had pets in the past, and we can completely understand compassion towards animals Extend that empathy, compassion and kindness to all other animals, including animals raised and killed for food, clothing, or other such uses Most people don’t make this connection, because food is seen as food, not a living, feeling creature who might suffer Most of us are very removed from this suffering in modern life, as a whole series of steps have to be taken to get the meat (or other product) from the living animal to our plates: raising and slaughtering the animal is done in another part of the world, then the meat is processed, packaged, packed, shipped, chopped, cooked, served, and what have you, depending on the food If we could see first-hand the conditions that these animals live in, how they’re treated, what they’re fed and shot up with, we might feel differently It’s not just the killing of an animal that causes suffering but their living conditions from birth to death Animals in our society are treated as non-living, non-feeling objects, and yet they aren’t They suffer, just as we Alice Walker once said: “The animals of the world exist for their own reasons They were not made for humans any more than black people were made for white, or women created for men” Motivating people to be responsible to the species All animals thrive in their own natural habitats In the wild, wild animals are able to fulfill all of their physical and psychological needs by relying on their own instincts They are free to roam and find food, fresh water, exercises, interact and play with other animals in their group They are able to lead naturally happy and healthy lives However, throughout human civilization, people have also needed the help of animals in our lives Horses are used as a work animal in many societies, dogs help humans with hunting and protecting property, cats have long been used to keep rats away from the fields, some farm animals like chickens and cows are consumed by humans for their protein, as well as the captive wild animals kept in places like zoos for what some groups claim to be essential for public education purposes If we have been bold enough to separate these animals from their natural wild habitats, then we have a responsibility to ensure that their physical and psychological wellbeing are well cared for Because however way you look at it, all animals are sentient beings that have the capacity to feel pain and desire. Although each species carries a different degree of pain and desire, we still owe them the same equal consideration, because after all even for every individual human being the degree of pain and desire varies There is no living being exactly quite like another, and therefore it is irrational to differentiate treatment to other living creatures based on this rationale The responsibility that we bear is none other than the responsibility to respect the welfare of animals Protecting animals from torment The torment and death of animals for amusement, or for cultural reasons, should never be acceptable Humans watch in amazement from outside the cage or arena while wild animals are trapped within, forced to perform These animals are stripped of their freedoms and natural behaviors for our entertainment What might seem cute or amusing to you is a terrifying reality for them They are poked, prodded, tied, starved, drugged, and kept in small enclosures just so “animal lovers” can see them up close or watch them perform tricks We see these animals on movie screens, in zoos, marine parks, rodeos, racetracks, and circuses We spend millions of dollars each year supporting the industries that hold our favorite animal captive Trainers put their heads in the mouths of lions or ride on the backs of dolphins The crowds erupt with joy, not realizing the hidden cruelties they are supporting Keeping wild animals in captivity is usually a dangerous idea Most wild animal-related incidents could have been prevented if the animals were not kept as pets, performers, or exhibitions All too often, animals attack their trainers in circuses and other live shows Wild animals are unpredictable If they are startled, stressed, or enraged by something, there is not much a human can to stop them from attacking These incidents are incredibly unfortunate for the humans involved Unfortunately, they are just as tragic for the animals who never asked to be put in these situations where their instincts took over These animals never had a chance at a normal life Moreover, harming and killing animals is part of many cultural traditions and religious practices Hindu worshippers have begun killing thousands of buffalo in what is reputed to be the world’s biggest animal sacrifice, held every five years in a remote corner of Nepal, despite efforts to end the bloodshed An estimated 200,000 animals ranging from goats to rats were butchered during the last two-day Gadhimai festival in 2014, held in honor of the Hindu goddess of power Many were hopeful the centuries-old tradition would end after the temple authorities announced a ban in 2015 and Nepal’s Supreme Court directed the government to discourage the bloodshed a year later Humans have been fascinated with animals for thousands of years, but that does not mean we should hold them captive so we can observe them or watch them perform stunts Fortunately, people are starting to see through the lies they have been told by the industries that exploit animals for profit Cities, states, and countries around the world are banning the use of animals in entertainment Even places like Mexico City, where animal entertainment is ingrained in their culture, are starting to move toward cruelty-free alternatives As more information is released about the perils of animals within the entertainment sectors, more people will look for alternatives Fortunately, we live in a technological age that is ever progressing and improving Animals are no longer needed in movies, circuses, bull riding, or any other forms of entertainment Animal usage will be coupled with dignity Animal research or animal testing have brought many benefits to humans, but besides the benefits, we also need to consider the cost of those studies From an ethical point of view, animal experiments are considered cruel and inhumane According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are often forced to eat, live in conditions of lack of food and water, and being hurt to study the healing process The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported in 2016 that 71,370 animals were injured, including 1,272 primates, 5,771 rabbits, 24,566 guinea pigs and 33,280 hamsters In order to ensure compliance with regulations and the continuous improvement of animal welfare, authorities in many countries regularly conduct inspections of animalbased research In addition, there is a country like Australia - the country that uses the most experimental animals in the world, after only US, Japan and China - has its own legal code, the Animal Care and Use for Scientific Purposes According to this code, studies are recommended and committed to follow the principle of “3R”: Replace animals with non-animal samples (Replacement), Reduce the number of animals (Reduction) and Complete the Experimental procedure to minimize pain for animals (Refinement) Animal experiments bring out benefit for scientific research, but it require control and purposeful use Animals themselves also have feelings and have the right to choose to live in a way that is endowed by nature Therefore, the use of animals for research purposes should be checked, considered and asked for permission before implementation Protecting species from being extinct The health of an ecosystem is maintained by its plants and animals When species become endangered, it is a sign of an ecosystem’s imbalance This balance is difficult to maintain: the loss of one species often triggers the loss of others When grey wolves were hunted to near-extinction in Yellowstone National Park, beaver populations also decreased significantly This is because elk, without the wolf as its predator, grazed more heavily on plants needed by beavers for winter survival The conservation of endangered species is important for humans as well A well-balanced ecosystem purifies the environment, giving us clean air to breathe, a healthy water system to support diverse marine life, and arable land for agricultural production It also provides us with unique plants with medicinal properties, which serve as the foundation of our medicines When ecosystems fail, our own health is at risk When protecting all the species, we are ultimately protecting ourselves According to estimates of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), nearly 1550 rare and endangered species in the Red Book are in danger of extinction or need to be protected However, the protection of wildlife faces many difficulties and needs the help of everyone Nearly a quarter of all species on Earth need to be populated and thrive in tropical forests However, thousands of hectares of forests are gradually shrinking due to forest exploitation and forest fires caused by nature and humans, causing many species to become extinct The disappearance of many wildlife species is not only due to the environment, but illegal hunting also makes the numbers of wildlife decrease rapidly The protection of wildlife plays an extremely important role in ensuring ecological balance, increasing the sustainability of the living environment, serving agricultural production and facilitating the development of other economic branches Nowadays, governments, nonprofits, international organizations, local communities, and individuals are working together to protect and restore population levels, and drive awareness campaigns to engage others in vital conservation work 199 nations in the world have signed the Convention on Biological Diversity to join hands to protect endangered animals The prevention of illegal hunting and trade is urgently needed In addition, the urgent need is to raise people's awareness and understanding of the natural environment in general and the protection of wildlife in particular Student courses, ecosystem training programs, and biodiversity management will make society more aware of the importance of the surrounding environment It seems we have gotten used to the incredibly diverse natural environment that we have forgotten that wildlife also needs to be protected V DISADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS Prevents safety testing Is it enough to save animal lives when the cost is a human life placed in danger or lost? New products and medications that could save people but are considered harmful until tested on certain subjects will never be used if animal testing is no longer allowed It would be even more immoral if test subjects used are humans themselves This may have been going on with clinical trials, but the only difference is that medications used in these trials have already been tested on animals and are considered safe - From the FDA:  Animal testing by manufacturers seeking to market new products may be used to establish product safety In some cases, after considering available alternatives, companies may determine that animal testing is necessary to assure the safety of a product or ingredient  In all cases where animal testing is used, FDA advocates that research and testing derive the maximum amount of useful scientific information from the minimum number of animals and employ the most humane methods available within the limits of scientific capability  [The FDA] will continue to be a strong advocate of methodologies for the refinement, reduction, and replacement of animal tests with alternative methodologies that not employ the use of animals - The world becomes more developed day by day thanks to the successfully done inventions and innovations of scientists People who are more educated strive to have a healthy and long life and enjoy it by using all the possible opportunities Unfortunately, the high possibility rate of getting some serious diseases warns people and make them find ways to prevent the further development of the illnesses So, to develop and practice new cures and treatments for people and to provide them with a safe life, scientists use animals while doing their experiments Though many environmentalists argue that it’s not ethically right to use animals for testing purposes, as they also feel physical and psychological pain, the only option to create effective treatments for the humans remains it Stunt research development Testing products on animals might be harmful to them, but many people strongly believe that human life is more valuable than that of animals Either way, animal experimentation can greatly aid in research of new products and medications, speeding up developments in the medical field Some people support the use of animals in testing and determining the safety of new products and drugs on human beings, while others believe that animals should never be used in laboratories and that there are alternative solutions to this Animal testing opens doors in research of new products and medication that will significantly speed up the development in the medicine field Drugs used to prevent and treat cancer, HIV, diabetes, and other serious conditions have all been tested on animals first Animal rights put a stop on such research, risking the lives of humans in the process The California Biomedical Research Association states that nearly every medical breakthrough in the last 100 years has resulted directly from research using animals. Experiments in which dogs had their pancreases removed led directly to the discovery of insulin, critical to saving the lives of diabetics. The polio vaccine, tested on animals, reduced the global occurrence of the disease from 350,000 cases in 1988 to 27 cases in 2016. Animal research has also contributed to major advances in understanding and treating conditions such as breast cancer, brain injury, childhood leukemia, cystic fibrosis, malaria, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and many others, and was instrumental in the development of pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes, and anesthetics. Chris Abee, Director of the University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center's animal research facility, states that "we wouldn't have a vaccine for hepatitis B without chimpanzees," and says that the use of chimps is "our best hope" for finding a vaccine for Hepatitis C, a disease that kills thousands of Americans annually. If thalidomide had been properly tested on pregnant animals, its potential for causing severe birth defects would have been discovered before the drug became legal for human use.  Reduce risk on human lives Because products and medications are first tested on animals, no human lives will be put in danger or lost Exposure of humans to risky substances or possibly hazardous materials will also be cut down, preventing diseases and other side effects Therefore, animal testing ultimately saves humans, even if this is at the expense of non-human animals In 1933, more than a dozen women were blinded and one woman died from using a permanent mascara called Lash Lure Lash Lure contained p-phenylenediamine, an untested chemical At the time, there were no regulations to ensure the safety of products The p-phenylenediamine caused horrific blisters, abscesses, and ulcers on the face, eyelids, and eyes of Lash Lure users, and it led to blindness for some In one case, the ulcers were so severe that a woman developed a bacterial infection and died For cosmetic products, the FDA requires that all manufacturers prove the safety of their products This requirement applies to some makeups, perfumes, shampoos, soaps, hair sprays and dyes, and shaving cream For many years, the only way to test the safety of products was on animals However, during the 1980s, many alternative safety tests were developed that did not use animals, reducing the number of animals used for cosmetic testing by 90% Though the number of animals used for cosmetic testing has been greatly reduced, there are still some products like sunscreens, antidandruff shampoos, fluoridecontaining toothpastes, and anti-acne creams that cannot be proven safe without the use of animal testing because they contain ingredients that cause a chemical change in the body that could potentially be harmful Without these safety tests, it would be impossible to ensure that these products are safe for your use Blur the lines between human and animal rights If animals are viewed as humans, distinction between the two species will be blurred Most opponents believe that animals not have the same rights as humans, which means they will never be equal Proponents, however, would say that animals should be free from human exploitation and cruelty, even if they are below humans in the natural world chain If vaccines were not tested on animals, millions of animals would have died from rabies, distemper, feline leukemia, infectious hepatitis virus, tetanus, anthrax, and canine parvo virus Treatments for animals developed using animal testing also include pacemakers for heart disease and remedies for glaucoma and hip dysplasia. Animal testing has also been instrumental in saving endangered species from extinction, including the black-footed ferret, the California condor and the tamarins of Brazil. Koalas, ravaged by an epidemic of sexually transmitted chlamydia and now classified as endangered in some regions of Australia, are being tested with new chlamydia vaccines that slows the rate of infection and treats early stages of the disease. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) endorses animal testing.  According to the research conducted by the Veterinary Medical Association of California, animals share a big list of genetic and behavioral similarities with human beings, which give scientists a chance to ascertain the amount of effectiveness of their created treatments while doing experiments For example, the DNA of chimpanzees and humans has 99% similarities; mice are genetically similar to the human beings with 98% Moreover, the organ system of mammals including heart, kidneys, and lungs is structured similarly with the humans’ one So, by using all of these biological similarities scientists develop such kind of effective forms of treatments which treat a big number of people diagnosed with breast cancer, brain injury, childhood leukemia and other serious illnesses As can be seen, nothing else can replace animals during the process of doing experiments and checking the safety of drugs, just because the most similar being to the human biologically is animal VI IMPORTANCE OF SUPPORTING ANIMAL RIGHTS Ever since the scientific discovery about non-human animals have consciousness in 2012, animal rights activism has always been a hotly debated topic While some people argue that animals are sentient, others believe that humans are the only species deserve moral consideration Animal right activists oppose any mistreats of animals, including trading, confining, breeding or killing them, no matter how "humanely" they are treated The problem is, treating animals humanely is vague idea and means something different to everyone For instance, an egg farmer may think that there is nothing wrong with killing male chicks by grinding them up alive to cut feeding costs versus yield Also, "cage-free eggs" are not as humane as the industry would have us believe In fact, a cage- free egg operation buys their eggs from the same hatcheries that factory farms buy from, and those hatcheries kill the male chicks as well For whatever reason, the real question is: Why should animals have rights? In the book Animal Liberation, Peter Singer states that the basic principle of equality does not require equal or identical treatment; it requires equal consideration This is an important distinction when talking about animal rights People often ask if animals should have rights, and quite simply, the answer is “Yes!” Animals surely deserve to live their lives free from suffering and exploitation Jeremy Bentham, the founder of the reforming utilitarian school of moral philosophy, stated that when deciding on a being’s rights, “The question is not ‘Can they reason?’ nor ‘Can they talk?’ but ‘Can they suffer?’” In that passage, Bentham points to the capacity for suffering as the vital characteristic that gives a being the right to equal consideration The capacity for suffering is not just another characteristic like the capacity for language or higher mathematics All animals have the ability to suffer in the same way and to the same degree that humans They feel pain, pleasure, fear, frustration, loneliness, and motherly love Whenever we consider doing something that would interfere with their needs, we are morally obligated to take them into account Supporters of animal rights believe that animals have an inherent worth—a value completely separate from their usefulness to humans We believe that every creature with a will to live has a right to live free from pain and suffering Animal rights is not just a philosophy—it is a social movement that challenges society’s traditional view that all nonhuman animals exist solely for human use As PETA founder Ingrid Newkirk has said, “When it comes to pain, love, joy, loneliness, and fear, a rat is a pig is a dog is a boy Each one values his or her life and fights the knife.” Only prejudice allows us to deny others the rights that we expect to have for ourselves Whether it’s based on race, gender, sexual orientation, or species, prejudice is morally unacceptable If you wouldn’t eat a dog, why eat a pig? Dogs and pigs have the same capacity to feel pain, but it is prejudice based on species that allows us to think of one animal as a companion and the other as dinner VII CONCLUSION While there is some debate as to what basic human rights are, most people recognize that other humans have certain fundamental rights According to the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights, human rights include "the right to life, liberty and security of person An adequate standard of living to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution to own property freedom of opinion and expression to education of thought, conscience and religion; and the right to freedom from torture and degrading treatment, among others." These rights are different from animal rights because we have the power to ensure that other humans have access to food and housing, are free from torture, and can express themselves On the other hand, it's not in our power to ensure that every bird has a nest or that every squirrel has an acorn Part of animal rights is leaving the animals alone to live their lives, without encroaching on their world or their lives ... https://arconference.org/what-is -animal- rights https://www.friendsofanimals.org/program/what-is-meant-by -animal- rights/ https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag /animal- rights https://www.wiseoldsayings.com /animal- rights- quotes/#ixzz6GkFXOcKH... ADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS V DISADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS VI IMPORTANCE OF SUPPORTING ANIMAL RIGHTS VII CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Animals have been abused cruelty Throughout history, animal rights. .. https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/topics /Animal- Rights https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are -animal- rights- 127600 TABLES OF CONTENTS I I INTRODUCTION II THE CONCEPT’S OF ANIMAL TIGHTS III THE ETHICAL VIEW ABOUT ANIMAL RIGHTS