Giáo trình Từ vị học tiếng anh

Lecture I: INTRODUCTION I LEXICOLOGY + (Gr 'lexis' = word +'logos'= learning ) - a science / study which deals with words, morphemes and word groups - a science which studies and describes systematically the vocabulary of a given language + consists of essential branches : Word structure and formation Semiology (semantic structure of a word) Phraseology (set expressions, word combinations, idioms, proverbs, etc.) Etymology (history and origin of words) Lexicography (dictionary compiling) + Considered from different angles, it falls into: General lexicology Special lexicology Historical lexicology (diachronic aspect) Descriptive lexicology (synchronic aspect) II LEXICOLOGY IN RELATION TO + phonology (stress and juncture; phoneme and morpheme; homonyms) + grammar(gram.meaning+lexical meaning; gram.functions, word structure + formation) + stylistics (stylistic aspect, synonyms, antonyms) III SOME NOTIONS + Paradigm and syntagm - Paradigm - ordered series of forms / comparable elements at a particular place in the structure They are formed by means of inflections / endings student go students goes student's went students' gone going - Syntagm - word / phrase forming a syntactic unit or elements forming serial structures at a given level in a linear stretch of writing SVA Mary is in the garden SVC Mary is kind SVO Mary has got a new bicycle SVOA Mary put the place on the table SVOC John thought Mary exceptionally clever SVOO Mary gave me expensive presents SV(A) Mary laughed (heartily) Lecture II: WORD STRUCTURE AND FORMATION I Word structure + Word: an independent language unit which has both sound and spelling forms and is capable to form a sentence by itself + Morphemes:- occur in speech as parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme -are the smallest indivisible meaningful language unit- (cf phonemes) Morpheme Root M free M boy table Affixal M( bound ) bound M gram/functional M terrible terror terrorize include exclude conclude (inflections) girl open girls opens prefix infix suffix unkind salesman kindly mislead fisherman leader sportsman washerwoman doomsday Word Simple (R) heart Derived ( R+A ) hearty Compound ( R+R ) sweetheart II Word formation AFFIXATION Affixation: formation of words by adding affixes to roots prefixation + suffixation - productive (help to build new words) affixes - non- productive (do not help to build new words) affixes derivational M Prefixation Classification of prefixes: Prefixes Meaning un-, disnegative non-, ilim-, in-, irun-, dis-, de-, reanti-, counter- reversal, repetition opposite, meaning Examples unhappy unlucky, uneven;dishonest, disunion, disaffection; non-stop, non-party, nonsense illiterate, illegal, illogical; impossible, improper inactive, inaccurate, incapable; irregular irrational, irresponsible unlock,undo,unpack;disagree,disappear, decentralize, demobilize, decontaminate; rewrite review, retell; antiwar, antiaircraft, antithesis counter-attack,counter-weight,counter- revolution anti-,ante ex- fore-, pre-, postup-, subtrans- relationship in time, inter-, extra-, with-, coen-, em- manner international, interlace, interrelation, extraordinary extramural, extranuclear, withstand, withdraw co-exist, cooperate, co-chairman; endanger enable, enclose, embed, empower, emplacement; super-, over-, out", under-, ultra degree superman, supernatural, supersonic; overflow, overcoat, oversleep; outweigh, outcast, out-distance; undergrowth, underestimate, undersized; ultraviolet, ultramodern, ultraradical; polysyllabic, poly-,bidis-,duo,monoa-, mis- quantity polysemantic; bicycle, bilateral, dissyllable; duodecimal, duologue, monologue, monosyllabic, monolingual awake, afresh, anew, aloud, alike, alone, afar, misunderstand, mislead, misbehave place state evaluation antechamber, anticipate; ex-president, ex- champion ex-manager; foresee, forecast, forefront pre-historic,pre-war, precondition; postwar post-graduate, postposition; upstairs, upgrade, uplift; subdivision, submarine, subtitle; transplant, transatlantic, transcontinental + Productive and non-productive prefixes Non-productive a- : arise, apathy, anonymous; amphi-( on,both): amphitheatre, amphibious; ab-(from, away): abnormal, abstain; ad-(to, toward): admit, admonish; anteanti-: antechamber, anticipate; con-, co-(with, together): confrontation, cooperate; de3 ( down, away): decrease, depart; dis-, di-: disyllable, diphthong; duo- : duodecimal; en-, em- (in, make) :enact, encircle, embark, embargo; fore-: forearm, foretell; forth-:forthcoming, forthright; in-: inmate, insight; on-, (onset, onslaught), per(thoroughly): perfect, persuade; poly-: polysyllable, polyglot; re-: retract, return; withwithstand, withdraw + Living (still in use) and dead (out of use) prefixes Dead prefixes : a- :aware, awaken, ashamed; circum-(around): circumstance, circumference; op- (against): opposite, oppress Suffixation Classification of suffixes : a According to the parts of speech + Noun-forming suffixes -age (state,place,progress,collectiveness) :village,blockage; -al,-ial (act) :refusal,burial; -ance,-ence (act, state, quality, condition)assistance, appearance, existence, audience; -an,-ian (agent, follower, resident) :republican, guardian, Cambodian; -ant,-ent (agent) :assistant, student; -ancy,-ency (state): vacancy, emergency; -ard (depreciatory) :drunkard, coward; -ate (agent, function) :advocate, magistrate; -asm,-ast (state, condition, agent) :enthusiasm, enthusiast; -cy (state, condition, office) :bankruptcy, agency; -dom (state, condition, collectiveness) :freedom, kingdom; -er,-or(agent, instrument, resident) :teacher, cooker, villager, visitor; -ee,-ey,-y (receiver/object/result of action) :employee, attomey, inquiry; -eer (person,profession) :pioneer, engineer; -ess (feminine) :actress, tigress; -eur (person) : amateur; -hood (state, condition) :childhood, neighbourhood; -ice (act, quality, condition) :service, justice; -ics (art, study, science) :phonetics, linguistics; -ie,-y (diminutive) :birdie, granny -ier (agent) -.cashier, -ing (art, fact, activity) : learning, feeling; -ion,-tion (condition, state, result, act) :tension, organization, discussion; -ism,-ist (doctrine, theory, system, result, follower, specialist) :socialism, scientist; -ity (state) :clarity, similarity; -let (small, young) :booklet, piglet; -ling (diminutive) :seedling, duckling; -ment (act, state, progress, result, manner) :statement, agreement, improvement; -mony (state, condition, result) :lestimony, ceremony; -ness (state, quality, condition, degree) goodness, darkness, seriousness; -ology (study, system) :biology, psychology; -or,-our (condition, quality) :error, favour; -ry (state, condition, collectiveness) :machinery poetry; -ship(state, condition, quality, office, profession) :friendship, citizenship; -ster (agent, depreciatory) :youngster, gangster; -th (state, quality) strength, length; -tude (state, quality) :latitude, attitude; -ty (quality, state, condition) : liberty, poverty; -ure (act, process, state, result, rank) :pleasure, pressure; +adjective- forming suffixes -able, -ible (capable of, characterised by quality) :fashionable, possible; -al, -ar, -ic, -ile (capable of, of the nature of, belonging to) :global, classical, circular, popular; necessary, secondary; domestic, historic; mobile, infantile; "an, -ean (originated from, belonging to) :Roman, European; -ent ,-ant (quality) :independent, different;important,distant; -ese (resident) :Vietnamese, Chinese; -fold (having a specified number of): twofold, tenfold; -ish (having a small degree of like) :reddish, foolish; -vie (related to, causing) :active, effective; -less (without, lacking, unable) :useless, harmless; -ful (full of, characterised by): hopeful, careful; -like (resembling) :businesslike, comradelike; -ly (quality, character):friendly, womanly, lovely, lively, silly, sickly, motherly, cowardly, costly; -ous (causing, characterised by) :glorious, dangerous; -some (causing, tending to) :troublesome, lonesome; -ward (in the direction of) :sideward, northward; -y( characterised by) :mighty, needy, hearty, lofty; + Numeral-forming suffixes -teen (fifteen), -th (fourth), -ty (sixty) + Verb -forming suffixes -ate (facilitate), -fy (horrify), vaccinate simplify liberate classify -en (brighten), darken shorten + Adverb -forming suffixes -ize (specialize), legalize fertilize -ly (coldly), -ward (s) (upward (s), -wise (likewise), -long (sidelong), -way(s) (crossways) headlong b According to the lexico-grammatical meaning + Abstract nouns : -age, - ance, - ence, -ancy, -ency, -ation, -doom, -cy, -hood, -ing, -ion, -tion, -ism, -ice, -merit, -ness, -ship, -th, -ty + Personal nouns: -ant,-an, -ian, -ee, -ent, -er, -ier, -ist, -ey,eer + Feminine nouns: actress, heroine, suffragette, testatrix + Derogatory suffixes: drunkard, underling, gangster, simpleton + Diminutive suffixes: auntie, hanky, chicken, booklet c Productive and non-productive suffixes: Non-productive: -ade, -age, -ance, -ant, -ar, -ard, -ate, -cy, -dom, -en, -eer, -ese, - ence, -ean, -fy, -hood, -ier, -ics, -me, -ic, -ian, -ice, -ive, -long, -ly, -ment, -or, -ster, -th, -tude, -ward(s), -wise, -y + Living and dead suffixes : Dead suffixes : -t (flight, height), -d (deed), -lock (wedlock) d Polysemantic suffixes (a great number) -er: doer of the action : person living in a certain place: device, tool or instrument: -y : characterized by : full of, composed of: intimate : resembling : -ment: state, quality, condition: action: process, manner, continuance: speaker, player, teacher villager, Londoner eraser, cooker, boiler, starter, screwdriver windy, rainy watery, muddy, sandy, starry daddy, mummy, dolly bushy, inky, rosy amazement arrangement government, development III WORD COMPOSITION Definition : A compound word (compound) consists of at least two root morphemes The components of a compound may be either simple words, derived words or even other compound words, one of which has inflections e.g.(n) blackboards, store-keepers, mothers-in-law, passers-by (v) handwash, handwashes, handwashing, handwashed (adj) heart-breaking, heart-broken, middle-aged, first-rate (adv) meantime, midway, wherever (pr) somebody, anything, whoeve Criteria a Phonological criterion + Most of compounds have a stress on the first component e.g 'classroom, 'greenhouse, "boy-friend, to 'whitewash, to'bottlefeed, "snub- nosed, 'forget-me-not, 'mothers-in-law, 'passer-by, 'dancing-girl cf free word groups : a green 'house, a dancing 'girl e.g A : Look at that beautiful dancing 'girl B : She's a well-known 'dancing-girl If you don't drive the 'bluebottle away, I will throw the blue 'bottle on your face + Some compounds have double stress (even stress) eg 'good'egg, 'bread-and-' butter, 'gray-'green, 'easy'going, 'happy-go-'lucky, 'new-'born, "self-'control, 'All- 'Fools- 'Day, 'passenger 'train, 'merry-go- 'round + Stress helps to differentiate the meaning e.g 'over-work (việc làm thêm), 'over-'work (việc sức) 'bookcase (tủ/giá sách), 'book'case (bìa bọc sách) ,man'kind (loài ngời), 'mankind (nam giới, đàn ông) b Criterion of the structural integrity Compounds are indivisible and it is impossible to insert any other words Endings are added to the whole word e.g black-markets, blackbirds, blackmail, blacklist, blacklegs, red-tape, fair- haired c Criterion of semantic integrity The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, i.e the meaning of the whole compound is not a mere sum of the meanings of its components like in a free word group e.g dirty work (dishonorable proceedings) fuss-pot (person easily excited and nervous about trifles) slow-coach (person who thinks and acts slowly) chatterbox (person who talks a great deal without saying anything important) blue-stocking woman (woman who affects literary tastes and learning) lip-service (superficial service from the lips only) lip-reading (interpretation of the motion of the lips) lipstick (a stick of cosmetics for redding the lips) d Graphic (spelling) criterion A compound can be spelt in three ways : with a hyphen between two components, with break and without break e.g air-line, air line, airline match-box, match box, matchbox Few compounds have connective elements (infixes) e.g statesman, handicraft, savings-bank, goods-train, Anglo-Saxon Classification a Structural classification + According to the structure of the immediate components - simple stems : handbag, film-star - derived stems : skyscraper, long-legged, ill-mannered, teenager - abbreviated stems : maths -teacher, H-bomb, X-ray - at least one compound stem: aircraftcarrier, waste paper basket - v + adv : break-down, cut-back + According to the part of speech - compound nouns : girlfriend, greengrocer, splashdown - compound adjectives : red-hot, peace-loving, man-made, middle-aged - compound verbs : to whitewash, to carpet- bomb, to streamline - compound adverbs : whole-heartedly, shamefacedly, self-confidently - compound prepositions : onto, into, hereafter + According to the type of composition - compounds formed by juxtaposition : backache, heart-broken, railroad - compounds formed by morphological means (with an infix}: spokesman, Affo- Asian, speedometer - compounds formed by syntactical means: (word group —> compound ): up-to-date, forget-me-not, cash-and-carry - compounds formed by morphological and syntactical means : kind-hearted : with a kind heart blue-eyed : with blue eyes teenager : a person in his teens + According to the relation between components - Coordinative components (both are independent) :socio- economical, brainmaster, mother-earth, parent-teacher - Subordinative components (one component dominates over the other): wrist-watch, gate-keeper, spaceship b Semantic classification + Non-idiomatic (morphologically motivated): The meaning of the whole can deduced from the meanings of the components : door-handle, headache, rose-bush, life-boat, bedroom, sunlight + Idiomatic (non-motivated): no semantic relation between components: nightmare, lotus-eater, lip-service, eyewash, horse-sense, monkey-business c Phonetic classification: They are reduplicative compounds which fall into three subgroups : + reduplicative compounds proper: hush-hush, pooh-pooh, murmur, quack-quack, puffpuff, fifty-fifty + ablaut combinations: the second basic morpheme is repeated with a different vowel: sing-song, chit-chat, ding-dong, ping-pong, zip-zag, tip-top + rhyme combinations: two pseudo- morphemes is joined to rhyme : walkie-talkie, willynilly, hotch-potch, hurry-scurry, lovey-dovey How to make Compound words A compound word is formed by the juxtaposition of two or more words together to make a new one Compound nouns a) Noun and noun b) adjective and noun Horse-race sweetheart Race-horse gentleman Football midnight Moonlight quicksilver c) Verb and nouns d) Gerund and noun Tell-tale looking-glass Pickpocket dotting -paper Stopcock reading -clamp Railroad writing- table e) Participle and noun f) Verb and adverb Singing-bird drawback Running-hand keepsake Flying-machine send-off Moving-pictures go-between g) Adverb and verb h)preposition(or adverb) and noun Income afternoon Outcome forethought Upstart upland Offshoot inside i,Several words together forget-me-not note-of-hand stick-in-the-mud Compound adjectives a) Noun and adjective b) noun and present participle Sky- blue money-making Homesick man-eating Airtight heart-rending c) Noun and past participle d)noun and imitation of past participle Hand-made earth-coloured Heart-broken lion-hearted Horse-drawn long-tongued e) Adjective and adjective f) adjective and present participle Ready-made ill-smelling Red-hot sweet-smelling High-born g) Adjective and past participle Ill-bred Ill-gotten White-washed i) Adverb and present participle Hard-working Long-suffering Ever-lasting dull-looking h) adjective and imitation of past participle old-fashioned quick-eared slow-witted j) adverb and past participle out-spoken well-worn well-known k) Several words together Up-to-date Up-to-the-minute Well-to-do Hole-and-glove Hand-to-hand Compound verbs a) Noun and verb b) adjective and verb Waylay whitewash Typewrite safeguard Henpeck dry-clean c) Adverb and verb d) verb and adverb Upset turn over Backslide put on Overhear switch off Compound adverbs a) Adjective and noun b) adverb and position Midway herein Otherwise therefore Meantime hereabout c) Noun and noun sidewards Lengthways Clockwise IV SHORTENING A very productive way of word building used in colloquial speech, documents and advertisements Types of shortening: Abbreviation a Acronyms: words built from the initials of components + Monograms: UK: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland GB: Great Britain USA: The United States of America UNO: United Nations Organization 10 VI DEVELOPMENT OF MEANING (SEMANTIC CHANGE) Although many words appear in the English language by means of word building proper (word derivation and word composition), a still greater number of new words are created by means of the so-called semantic change or development of meaning A Main ways of semantic change Extension /generalization of meaning Extension: the number of meanings of the same word can be expended, which leads to polysemy eg ready - OE (be prepared for a ride) - Mod E ready (be prepared for anything) pipe - OE pipe (a musical instrument) - Mod E pipe (any long hollow tube) Generalization: not only the word widens its meaning but passes from specialized vocabulary into commonly used one eg camp (mil): place where troops are lodged in tents temporary quarters greedy : hungry eager to obtain and keep boot - legger: an illegal dealer in liquor an illegal dealer Narrowing/ specialization of meaning Narrowing: the narrowing of the number of meanings that a word expresses eg meat: - OE mete (food in general) - Mod E meat (animal flesh as food) queen: -OE swen (wife) - Mod E queen (king's wife) deer : -OE deor (animal) - Mod E deer (con h¬u) Specialization : development of meaning from the more general to the more specific eg girl: -OE gor - ME girle (child) - Mod E (female child/young woman) starve: -OE steofan (die) -Mod E starve (die of hunger/suffer from hunger/feel very hungry) Degradation of meaning Some words have got less nice emotive meaning eg knave: - OE cnafa (boy, servant) - Mod E knave (unprincipled or dishonest man) artful: L artis (art) - OE - ME - Mod E artful (of person/action; crafty, deceitful) Elevation of meaning Some words have got more pleasant ant nicer emotive meanings eg noble : L (g) nobitis - OFr - ME - (aristocratic) - Mod E (lofty) minister : L minister (servant, attendant) - OFr - ME - Mod E (head of a state department/ministry) B Transference of meaning A word is said to be used in a transferred meaning when it is meant to refer simultaneously to the object or, notion which it generally denotes and to another object or notion which is in some way related with the first one on the basis of similarity or association 22 Transference from literal meaning to figurative meaning is expressed by the figures of speech The most popular figures of speech are : metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole and irony Metaphor (Gr meta = change +phero = bear) Metaphor : a figure of speech based on similarity (hidden comparison between the object/notion generally denoted by the word and the object/notion in question.) Metaphor gives freshness and vivacity to speech a Types of similarity + similarity of appearance: (like part of the body) leg of a table, needle's eye, arm of a chair/a river, mouth of a river, tongues of a flame + similarity of shape: head of cabbage, teeth of a saw, nose of a plane, bottle neck + similarity of size: midget submarine, elephantine task, jumbo jetplane + similarity of position: foot of the mountain/hill /page, head/ tail of a procession, bottom of a page + similarity of movement: caterpillar of a tank, to worm, foxtrot + similarity of function: head of school/delegation/army, key to the mystery/ a problem + similarity of colour: an orange coat, rosycheeks, lips + similarity of sound : The room rang The hall roared with laughter + similarity of quality : a lion, a fox, a bee/beaver, a filmstar + similarity of behaviour: a snake, crocodile's tears, an angel, a bookworm, a wirepuller, an Othello, a Cicero + Some metaphoric words are the result of the transfer of space relation upon psychological and mental notions (relation between concrete and abstract) : to catch/grasp an idea, to take a hint, to throw light upon life span b Types of metaphor + Living metaphor; expression of individual vision or in poetry 'She lent wings to his imagination ' (J London) 'Peace is our fortress' And the winds are rude in Biscay's sleepless bay And beyond them stood the forest, Stood the groves of singing fine-trees Green in summer, white in winter, Ever sighing, ever sighing (H Longfellow) + fade (trite) metaphor: that has lost its freshness Her voice is sweet, fruitful effort He's an Othello, golden youth + dead metaphor: no longer felt as a metaphor to ponder : L ponderare (to weigh) - Mod E (to think over, to consider + sustained /prolonged metaphor: the image/is expanded /prolonged 'Mr Pickwick paused, bottle up his vengeance and corked it down.' 23 'Mr Dumbay's cup of satisfaction was so full at the moment that he felt he could afford a drop or two of it contents, even to sprinkle on the dust in the by-path of his little daughter' (Ch Dickens) Metonymy (Gr metonymia-meta(change)+onoma (name) Metonymy: a figure of speech based on contiguity (proximity) or close relation between two objects or notions Types of relation: + Relation between container and the thing contained: eg The kettle is boiling He drank two glasses + Relation between parts and the whole: eg Two heads are better than one She has got good ear for music I used to live without a roof over my head + Relation between the notion and its symbol: eg Grey hair should be respected, from the cradle to the grave, the White House, the Pentagon, Wall Street, Fleet Street, Downing Street, the crown (monarchy) + Relation between the place and its inhabitants: eg the town, the city, the House of Commons, the House of Lords The hall burst into applause + Relation between the material and the thing made of it: eg an iron, eye glasses, the silver, the brass + Relation between the instrument and its function: e.g.- to knife, to eye + Relation between proper names and common names: - name of place and name of products made there china, champagne, tweed, havana, bikini, morocco - name of inventor and name of the invention sandwich, mackintosh, pullman, volt, ampere, ohm, diesel, watt, wellington, victoria - name of the author and name of his works to read Dickens, to possess a complete Shakespeare Hyperbole: a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration e.g I beg a thousand pardons I haven't seen you for ages I'm dying of hunger I'd give the world to see him She's got a sea of troubles Irony: Its contextual meaning is contrary to the literal meaning for the sake of ridicule, sarcasm e.g He speaks English so well that nobody can understand 24 What a nice mess ! It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one's pocket Một số kiểm tra hết môn Test I I What is prefixation ? give an example ? II True or false: Metonymy is based on the close relation between two objects or notions: III - Fill in the blanks with proper words My sister is of rats TERROR 2, He's so nice It's a working for him Pleasure 3, She's reading a paper DAY 4, I'd love to come to your party, but …… I'm very busy Fortunate 5, What time you start work? USE III Rewrite the sentences below, forming a compound adjective from the underlined words 1, She was wearing shoes with high heels 2, This coat is expensive because it is proof against bullet 3, He only works part of the time 4, This is a piece of work that consumes a lot of time 5, Suddenly appeared a beautiful girl with curly hair V Mark the underlined words in each pair of sentences with /P/ if they are polysemantic or with /H/ if they are homonymous a, He was under house arrests b, This hostel can house 200 students 2, a, I'd like to sit in the front row b, Shall I row you across the river? 3, a, She's got a light- coloured dress b, He's a light-hearted man 4, a, What time does the next class begin? b, They preferred travelling first-class 5, a, There's nothing to be done b, He does the cooking and she does the washing VI - Match the words in column A with those in column B: A B few …….…… books little ………… people much ………… milk many ………… sugar 25 plenty of ………… traffic VII - Write down the opposite of each of these words: dark 4, the rights 2, raise 5, remember 3, rapidly VIII Underline the metaphoric expressions and state what type of similarity they express: head of state; headache ………………… 2, dark brown eyes; the dark side of things 3, bottom of the mystery; bottom of the river 4, the sinking sun; a sinking feeling ………………… 5, the tip of the tongue ; a tongue of flame ………………… IX Discuss the relation in metonymy: I'd like to have a word with you 2, He has a good eye for beauty 3, All the brass and silver were stolen 4, The whole village assembled in the commune hall 5, Would you like some more tea? Yes, give me another cup ………………… ………………… X- Rewrite these sentences correctly: He's got an important information ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.I'm so tired I can hard walk ………………………………………………………………………………………… There was a lot of mistakes in your composition ………………………………………………………………………………………… The speaker didn't begin before the audience had quieted down ………………………………………………………………………………………… They knew a few French and got a little words of Chinese ………………………………………………………………………… Test II I What is suffixation ? Give example II Fill in the blanks with proper words: It is becoming difficult to find a job nowadays INCREASE 2, He is probably the most man among SUCCESS the graduates , Many people s till refuse to believe that smoking is HARM , It is very doubtful whether there will ever be true EQUAL between the sexes 26 5, There was a lot of in the new supermarket ACTIVE this morning III Rewrite the sentences below forming a compound adjective from the underlined words: Then entered ¹ man with broad shoulders 2, This tent material is proof against water His father was ¹ man with strong mind They came to the counter which displayed the goods free from taxes 5, Standing on the balcony they were watching the beautiful landscape lit by the moon IV Make the underlined words in each pair of sentences with /P/ if they are polysemantic , a, He was placed behind prison bars b poverty is a bars to happiness 2, a, His house was on the south bank of the river b , She deposits all her money in a bank 3, a, He's very busy He has little free time b, If your wages are very small, they'll be free of income tax 4, a, He took her arm and led her across the road b, Don't forget to take your bag with you V Underline the metaphoric expressions and state what type of similarity they express: 1, bright green; bright faces 2, the rising moon; the rising generation 3, the heart of the forest; a heart attract 4, key to an exercise; keys of a piano VI Discuss the relation in metonymy 1, Have you ever read Shakespeare in the original? 2, I'd like to have a sandwich for breakfast 3, The party dinner cost USD 10 a head 4, The children tried to learn the song by heart VII Rewrite these sentences correctly: Does Mary spend many time on her English? 2, There seemed few he could add 3, I'm very happy to hear such a news 4, You should work hardly so as to pass the examinations You'd better hand in your application until it's too late Test III I What are the different types of shortening? Give examples as illustrations II True or false: Generally speaking, a prefix is added to a word to form a new word of a different part of speech: ………… III Fill in the blanks with proper words , I think there won't be too much to pass the exams DIFFICULT 27 if you work hard , The man was drowning But I stood and watched to help as I couldn't swim , Some people claim to be able to the future , All matters concerning finance in his office are his because he is the boss 5, could never be a teacher I'm far too POWER TELL RESPONSIBLE PATIENT IV, Rewrite the sentences below forming a compound adjective from the underlined words He behaved like a man with a mind of a child The crowd was stricken with panic by the storm She felt sick from the sea travel as she was on the voyage for the first time The Southern off shore waters were found rich of oil Their teacher was a man with kind heart V Mark the underlined words in each pair of sentences with /P/ if they are polysemantic or with /H/ if they are homonymous a The greater part of what you heard is only rumour b He acted his part very well a What country you know is the biggest on earth ? b She filled the pot with earth and planted a rose in it a He is writing a book about Vietnamese culture b Seats on trains should be booked far in advance before Tet a Please post this letter for me b She has got a new post as secretary a The slow train is pulling up at the station b He is slow to make a decision VI Underline the metaphoric expressions and state what type of similarity they express the foot of the cow; the foot of the staircase The nose of the car; the nose of the child The man's legs; the legs of the chair The woman's head; the head of the family His voice sank to the whisper The ship sank VII Discuss the relation in metonymy 1, His son has been a sorrow for him 2, She has just bought a new mackintosh 3, During the fight he was knifed in the back 4, The whole town was talking about the scandal 5, He was dead drunk as he had drunk half a bottle VIII Rewrite these sentences correctly There isn't nothing to be said 28 I didn't meet her so far Give us a little bananas, please Waiter, please the the table for two I can't get used to live in cold countries Test IV I What is the basis of English word structure ? II True or false ? Polysemy exists only in speech A word can have many meanings in speech III Fill in the blanks with proper words I would like to book a to Hong Kong FLY This knife is very blunt It needs SHARP I don't want my money back I want a REPLACE I’m afraid this iron you sold me is FAULT We have had a lot of from customers today COMPLAIN IV Form compound nouns from these words a person who goes on holiday the gap between generations the tax charged on somebody's income a person who is willing to give his blood for medical purposes something that is placed between pages of a book to mark the place for reading V Read the following pairs of sentences and mark the underlined words with /P/ if they are polysemantic and with /H/ if they are homonymous The children are at play He lost $50 in one evening's play She's preparing a salad at the kitchen sink I saw the sun sink beyond the horizon 3, Her husband is rather mean over money matters What you mean by saying that? They're going to build a new railway to join the two towns Many countries are joining forces to fight against terrorism Rest is necessary after hard work Please keep the rest of the food in the fridge VI Underlined the metaphors in these combinations and state what type of similarity they express There often happen traffic jams at peak hours hope your hard work will bear fruit Let' s try to get to the root of the matter She gave a sour smile at her misfortune His mind wandered back to his college days 29 V Discuss the following cases of metonymy 1’ve just bought a pair of wellington for the rainy season Be careful! The soup pot is boiling The class was cheerful at the news of their success in the exams They had a heated discussion At last they fought tongue and nail He decided to sell no more muscle and become a vendor of brains VIII Revise the following 1.One must take care of his health Our college principle is a very imminent person She suffers with loss of memory Have you a license for your motorcycle? 5, Could you lie the table for tea? Test V I What are the different types of homonyms ? Give examples II True or false ? American English differs from British English mainly on grammar III Fill the blanks with proper words The cash and carry price is only $50 but they charge extra for DELIVER These shoes look smart but they're terribly COMFORT Always read a label on a product , it can give you so me useful inform lt's a nice shop and the assistants are all polite and very … help When I have to wait for a long time to be served start to feel patient IV Form compound nouns from these words a set of coloured lights used for controlling and directing the traffic a person who breaks or violates the law a device used as a warning against burglars a person that makes dresses a marked way for pedestrians to cross the street V Read the following pairs of sentences and mark the underlined words with /P/ if they are polysemantic and with /H/ if they are homonymous If you’re late again tomorrow, you’ll get the sack She's just bought a large leather sack They are living in a ten-roomed house This table takes up too much room Shall I fry the fish for dinner? They took up a lot of small fry from the pond Keep still while fasten your shoes Are you still here? You should have gone home hours ago 30 He got dead tired after working long hours She soon got the children ready for school VI.Underlined the metaphors in these combinations and state what type of similarity they express It is said money is the root of all evil 2.His knowledge is the fruit of his study Sales have reached a new peak Don't let your thoughts wander The road was a ribbon of moonlight across the valley VI Discuss the following cases of metonymy They toasted the bride and bridegroom with glasses of champagne 2.The prince succeeded to the crown Have you lost your tongue, Jack? He has made a valuable collection of ancient coppers A lot of ham, chicken and cheese sandwiches were served at the party VIII Rewrite these sentences correctly Mary is different than Jane is He's just got a bad news She raised to greet the guests What will the weather be to morrow? It was all together a lovely evening Lexicology I, What is morpheme and types of morphemes ? 1, Morpheme : is the smallest indivisible meaningful language unit 2, Types of morphemes : a, Root morphemes: - Free : eg: book, man, table, pen …… - Bound : e.g terror, terrible, terrific, …… b, Affixal morphemes : - Grammatical morphemes : -s , -ed, -ing …… - Derivational morphemes : + Prefixes : un-,dis-,non-,…… + Suffixes : -er,-ness,-ful,……… II, What is a word and types of words ? 1, Definition :Word is an independent language unit that has both sound and spelling form and meaning A word is capable of forming a sentence by itself 2, Types of words : There are three types of words : 31 a, Simple word : has only one root morpheme e.g good, rain, sun …… b, Derived word : has a root morpheme with one or more than one derivational morpheme E.g teacher, unhappy, returning ,……… c, Compound word : has at least two root morphemes with or without derivational morpheme E.g., boy friend, lady-killer, mother-in-law,……… III, What is the difference between a word and a morpheme ? - Morpheme is the smallest indivisible meaningful language unit - Word is an independent language unit that has both sound and spelling form and meaning A word is capable of forming a sentence by itself IV, What is word formation and ways of word formation ? 1, Definition : Word formation is the process of building new words from the existing material in a language according to certain patterns and formulae 2, Ways of formation : a, Affixation : Affixes either prefixes or suffixes e.g., un- + happy- unhappy happy + -ness  happiness b, Compounding Eg, black + board  blackboard Forget+ me+ not  forget-me-not c, Shortening: + Abbreviation : - acronym : Master of Arts  M.A - clipping : Telephone  phone Influenza  flu + Blending : Breakfast+Lunch  brunch Smoke+fog  smog d, Conversion -Adj  N female  a female Relative  a relative - V N to walk a walk must  a must - Adj  V cool  to cool better  to better 32 - N V e, Back formation hand  to hand air  to air Beggar to beg Baby-sitter to baby- sit f, Sound imitation g, Sound and stress interchange h, Name motivation : China, sandwich , watt,………… V, What is affixation ? The difference between prefixation and suffixation ? Affixation is the formation of new words with the help of affixes Affixes are either prefixes or suffixes, so affixation is either prefixation or suffixation a, Prefixation : rarely forms new parts of speech and this is considered to be their distinctive feature as compared with suffixes Prefixes have three groups of meaning : - Negative meaning - Denoting reversal or repetition of an action - Denoting space and time relationship b,Suffixation usually change the meaning of stem and transfer words to different parts of speech VI, What is compounding and how are compound words classified ? Compounding is a formation of a new word by joining two or more word together A compound word has at least root morphemes Classification: 1, according to their structure :  simple stem compound : doorhandle, car park………  Derived stem compound : lady-killer, bookseller ……  Abbreviated stem compound : maths teacher ……  Compound stem compound : Wast paper basket …… 2, according to parts of speech :  compound nouns :  compound adjectives  compound adverbs:  compound verbs  compound prepositions 3, according to their meaning : 33  motivated compound (non-idiomatic ) : Its meaning can be deduced from the meaning of the components  non-motivated compound (idiomatic) : Its meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of the components VII, What is the difference between a compound and a free-word group ? In order to distinguish a compound word and a free word group we need to rely on the three following criteria :  Phonological criterion : compound words usually have stress on the first component whereas free word groups have double stress  Structure integrity criterion : the structure of compound is stable It is impossible to insert any element between the components  Semantic integrity criterion : The meaning of the compound is often idiomatic i.e is often not a mere sum of the meaning of the components VIII, What is shortening and types of shortening ?  Definition : Shortening is a way of building new words by leaving out some part or parts of words  Feature : A very productive way of forming new words  Types: 1, Abbreviation : - acronyms are words built from the initials of several words eg VAT, NATO - clipping parts of words are clipped eg : phone , flu, vet, ……… 2, Blending : parts of words merged together ; eg, motel, brunch IX, What is the difference between affixation and back-formation ?  affixation : is the formation of new words with the help of affixes  back formation : is the process of forming a new word by subtracting a real or supposed affixes  the difference between affixation and back formation is that the latter is an opposite process to the former X.State types of meaning of words ? There are two types of meaning found in a word : lexical and grammatical meaning  Lexical meaning : is the realization of concepts or things : thin, hot, expensive  Grammatical meaning : is what unites words of different lexical meanings into identical groups eg: house, student ,… ( common,singular, count nouns ) 34 XI State stylistic classification of the English vocabulary ? Stylistically English words are divided into two main layers , we have standard words and non-standard words 1, Standard words:  Neutral words : man, boy, father, ………  Colloquial words : fellow, bike, dad,……  Bookish words : infant, lexicology,……… 2, Non-standard words :  Slangs : buck, mug, cop ……  Vulgar words : dam, hell, bloody ………  Dialectal words : loch= lake …… XII.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy ?  Semantic criterion : if there is a logical relationshiop between the meanings of a word , this word is a polysemantic word On the contrary,if there is no a logical relationship between the meanings of a word , this word actually not one word, but one of the homonymous words In other words , homonymous words are not semantically connected words  Derivational criterion : Homonymous words have different derivatives  Synonymy-based criterion : Homonymous words have different synonymy  Combinability criterion : Homonymous words have different combinability XIII, What is metaphor ? Definition : is a figure of speech based on similarity between two objects or notions i.e we call one object by the name of another because we compare these objects and find some common features between them Types : Similarity of appearance Similarity of shape: Similarity of position: Similarity of colour: Similarity of quality: Similarity of function : Similarity of movement: Similarity of behaviour: Examples are shown in the texbook pages : XIII, What is metonymy ? Metonymy is the transference of meaning from one object to another based on contiguity(proximity) of notions i.e instead of the name of one object or notion we use the name of another because these objects are associated and closely related Types of metonymy : based on the relation 35 XIV, What is idiomatic expression and its study ?  Definition : Phraseology is the study of set expression called phraseological units  Features : - structural features are characteried by the stability of their structre and lexical component - Semantic and stylistic features :the meaning of a set expression is not a mere sum of the meaning of the components Set expressions are partially or completely non-motivated Set expressions exist in the language and are reproduced as ready made units Set expressions may contain diferent figures of speech such as metaphor, metonymy ,…… XV What is the difference between idioms and proverbs/saying ? Proverbs are set expressions which show a wisdom , a truth, or a moral lesson Idioms are different from proverbs in the way that they are not moral or instructive in nature ] 36