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THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME III AUSTRIA LOWER to BISECTRIX [E-Text Edition of Volume III - Part 1 of 2, Slice 1 of 3 - AUSTRIA LOWER to BACON] INITIALS USED IN VOLUME III. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS, [1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. A. C. P. Anna C. Paues, Ph.D. Lecturer in Germanic Philology at Newnham College, Cambridge. Formerly Fellow of Newnham College. Author of A Fourteenth Century Biblical Version; &c. Bible, English. A. C. S. Algernon Charles Swinburne. See biographical article: Swinburne, Algernon C. Beaumont and Fletcher. A. F. P. Albert Frederick Pollard, M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc. Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893- 1901. Lothian prizeman (Oxford), 1892; Arnold prizeman, 1898. Author of Balnaves; Barnes, Robert; Bilney. England under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c. A. Go.* Rev. Alexander Gordon, M.A. Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester. Beza. A. G. G. Sir Alfred George Greenhill, M.A., F.R.S. Formerly Professor of Mathematics in the Ordnance College, Woolwich. Author of Differential and Integral Calculus with Applications; Hydrostatics; Notes on Dynamics; &c. Ballistics. A. Hl. Arthur Hassall, M.A. Student and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Author of A Handbook of European History; The Balance of Power ; &c. Editor of the 3rd edition of T. H. Dyer's History of Modern Europe. Austria-Hungary: History (in part). A. H. N. Albert Henry Newman, LL.D., D.D. Professor of Church History, Baylor University, Texas. Professor at McMaster University, Toronto, 1881-1901. Author of The Baptist Churches in the United States; Manual of Church History; A Century of Baptist Achievement. Baptists: American. A. H S. Sir A. Houtum-Schindler, C.I.E. General in the Persian Army. Author of Eastern Persian Irak. Azerbāijān; Bakhtiari; Bander Abbāsi; Barfurush. A. H. S. Rev. Archibald Henry Sayce, D.Litt., LL.D. Babylon; Babylonia See the biographical article: SAYCE, A. H. and Assyria; Belshazzar; Berossus. A. J. L. Andrew Jackson Lamoureux. Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of the Rio News (Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901. Bahia: State ; Bahia: City. A. L. Andrew Lang. See the biographical article: Lang, Andrew. Ballads. A. N. Alfred Newton, F.R.S. See the biographical article: Newton, Alfred. Birds of Paradise. A. P. H. Alfred Peter Hillier, M.D., M.P. President, South African Medical Congress, 1893. Author of South African Studies ; &c. Served in Kaffir War, 1878- 1879. Partner with Dr L. S. Jameson in medical practice in South Africa till 1896. Member of Reform Committee, Johannesburg, and Political Pris oner at Pretoria, 1895- 1896. M.P. for Hitchin division of Herts, 1910. Basutoland: History ( in part ); Bechuanaland ( in part ). A. Sp. Archibald Sharp. Consulting Engineer and Chartered Patent Agent. Bicycle. A. St H. G. Alfred St Hill Gibbons. Major, East Yorkshire Regiment. Explorer in South Central Africa. Author of Africa from South to North through Marotseland. Barotse, Barotseland. A. W.* Arthur Willey, F.R.S., D.Sc. Director of Colombo Museum, Ceylon. Balanoglossus. A. W. H.* Arthur William Holland. Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900. Austria-Hungary: History (in part ); Bavaria: History ( in part ). A. W. Po. Alfred William Pollard, M.A. Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Fellow of King's College, London. Hon. Secretary Bibliographical Society. Editor of Books about Books; and Bibliographica. Joint- editor of the Library. Chief Editor of the "Globe" Chaucer. Bibliography and Bibliology. B. K. Prince Bojidar Karageorgevitch (d. 1908). Artist, art critic, designer and goldsmith. Contributor to the Paris Figaro, the Magazine of Art, &c. Author of Enchanted India . Translator of the works of Tolstoi and Jokai, &c. Bashkirtseff. C. The Earl of Crewe, K.G., F.S.A. See the biographical article: Crewe, 1st Earl of. Banville. C. A. C. Charles Arthur Conant. Member of Commission on International Exchange of U.S., 1903. Treasurer, Morton Trust Co., New York, 1902-1906. Author of History of Modern Banks of Issue; The Principles of Money and Banking; &c. Banks and Banking: American . C. B.* Charles Bémont, D. ès L., Litt.D. (Oxon.). See the biographical article: Bémont, C. Baluze; Béarn. C. F. A. Charles Francis Atkinson. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of The Wilderness and Cold Harbour. Austrian Succession War: Military. C. F. B. Charles Francis Bastable, M.A., LL.D. Regius Professor of Laws and Professor of Political Economy in the University of Dublin. Author of Public Finance; Commerce of Nations ; Theory of International Trade; &c. Bimetallism. C. H. T. Cuthbert Hamilton Turner, M.A. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; Fellow of the British Academy. Sp eaker's Lecturer in Biblical Studies in the University of Oxford, 1906- 1909. First Editor of the Journal of Theological Studies , 1899- 1902. Author of "Chronology of the New Testament," and "Greek Patristic Commentaries on the Pauline Epistles" in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, &c. Bible: New Testament Chronology. C. H. W. J. Rev. Claude Hermann Walter Johns, M.A., Litt.D. Master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Lecturer in Assyriology, Queens' College, Cambridge, and King's College, London. Author of Assyrian Deeds and Documents of the 7th Century B.C.; The Oldest Code of Laws; Babylonian and Assyrian Laws; Contracts and Letters; &c. Babylonian Law. C. J. L. Sir Charles James Lyall, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D. (Edin.). Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office. Fellow of King's College, London. Secretary to Government of India in Home Department, 1889- 1894. Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces, India, 1895- 1898. Author of Translations of Ancient Arabic Poetry; &c. Bihārī Lāl. C. Mi. Chedomille Mijatovich. Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the King of Servia to the Court of St James's, 1895- 1900, and 1902-1903. Belgrade. C. Pl. Rev. Charles Plummer, M.A. Fellow and Chaplain of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1901. Author of Life and Times of Alfred the Great; &c. Bede. C. R. B. Charles Raymond Beazley, M.A., D.Litt., F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S. Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography. Lothian prizeman (Oxford), 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of Henry the Navigator; The Dawn of Modern Geography ; &c. Beatus; Behaim. C. W. Sir Charles William Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., Beirut (in part) W. F.R.S. (1836-1907). Major- General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1858- 1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Commission. Director- General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director- General of Military Education, 1895-1898. Author of From Korti to Khartoum; Life of Lord Clive; &c. D. B. Ma. Duncan Black Macdonald, D.D. Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary, U.S.A. Bairam D. C. B. Demetrius Charles Boulger. Author of England and Russia in Central Asia ; History of China; Life of Gordon; India in the 19th Century; History of Belgium; Belgian Life in Town and Country; &c. Belgium: Geography and Statistics. D. F. T. Donald Francis Tovey. Balliol College, Oxford. Author of Essays in Musical Analysis—comprising The Classical Concerto, The Goldberg Variations , and analyses of many other classical works. Bach, J. S.; Beethoven. D. G. H. David George Hogarth, M.A. Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naukratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904- 1905; Assiut, 1906- 1907. Director, British School at Baalbek; Barca; Beirut (in part); Bengazi. Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899. D. H. David Hannay. Formerly British Vice- Consul at Barcelona. Author of Short History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688; Life of Emilio Castelar; &c. Austrian Succession War: Naval; Avilés; Bainbridge, William; Barbary Pirates. D. Mn. Rev. Dugald Macfadyen, M.A. Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director of the London Missionary Society. Berry, Charles Albert. D. S. M.* David Samuel Margoliouth, M.A., D.Litt. Laudian Professor of Arabic, Oxford; Fellow of New College. Author of Arabic Papyri of the Bodleian Library; Mohammed and the Rise of Islam; Cairo, Jerusalem and Damascus. Axum. D. S S. David Seth-Smith, F.Z.S. Curator of Birds to the Zoological Society of London. Formerly President of the Avicultural Society. Author of Parrakeets, a Practical Handbook to those Species kept in Captivity. Aviary. E. B. Edward Breck, Ph.D. Formerly Foreign Correspondent of the New York Herald and the New York Times . Author of Wilderness Pets. Base-Ball. E. Br. Ernest Barker, M.A. Fellow and Lecturer of St John's College, Oxford. Baldwin I. to IV. of Jerusalem. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar (Oxford), 1895. E. Cl. Edward Clodd. Vice-President of the Folk- Lore Society. Author of Story of Primitive Man; Primer of Evolution; Tom Tit Tot; Animism; Pioneers of Evolution. Baer. E. C. B. Right Rev. Edward Cuthbert Butler, O.S.B., D.Litt. (Dubl.). Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Basilian Monks; Benedict of Nursia; Benedictines; St Bernardin of Siena. E. F. S. Edward Fairbrother Strange. Assistant- Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art subjects; Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series. Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent. E. G. Edmund Gosse, LL.D. See the biographical article: Gosse, Edmund. Baggesen; Ballade; Barnfield; Beaumont, Sir John; Belgium: Literature; Biography. E. G. B. Edward Granville Browne, M.A., M.R.C.S., M.R.A.S. Sir Thomas Adams's Professor of Arabic and Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Author of A Traveller's Narrative, written to Illustrate the Episode of the Báb; The New Hist ory of Mirzá Ali Muhammed the Báb; Literary History of Persia; &c. Bábiism. E. H. M. Ellis Hovell Minns, M.A. Lecturer and Assistant Librarian, and formerly Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. University Lecturer in Palaeography. Bastarnae. Ed. M. Eduard Meyer, D.Litt. (Oxon.), LL.D., Ph.D. Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of Geschichte des Alterthums ; Geschichte des alten Ägyptens; Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstamme; &c. Bactria; Bagoas; Bahran; Balash; Behistun. E. Ma. Edward Manson. Barrister-at-Law. Joint-editor of Journal of Comparative Legislation, Author of Short View of the Law of Bankruptcy; &c. Bankruptcy: Comparative Law E. M. T. Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, G.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D. Director and Principal Librarian, British Museum, 1888- 1909. Fellow of the British Academy. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France and of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. Author of Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography. Editor of the Chronicon Angliae , &c. Joint-editor of Publications of the Palaeographical Society. Autographs. E. N. S. E. N. Stockley. Captain, Royal Engineers. Instructor in Construction at the School of Military Engineering, Chatham. For some time in charge of the Barra cks Barracks. [...]... Beowulf Joint-editor of the New English Dictionary (Oxford) Fellow of the British Academy Author of The Story of the Goths; The Making of English; &c H Ch Hugh Chisholm, M.A Balfour, A J Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford Editor of the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica Co-editor of the 10th edition H R C Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart., K.C.B See the biographical article:... Testament Exegesis Textual Criticism in the University of Leiden Author of The Text of the New Testament; The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ; &c Kathleen Schlesinger Bagpipe; Banjo; Author of The Instruments of the Orchestra K S Barbiton; Barrel- organ; Bass Clarinet; Basset Horn; Bassoon; Batyphone L A Lyman Abbott, D.D Beecher, Henry Ward See the biographical article: Abbott,... Furniture; Bérain Editor of the Guardian (London) J Sc G Sir James George Scott, K.C.I.E Bhamo Superintendent and Political Officer, Southern Shan States Author of Burma, a Handbook; The Upper Burma Gazetteer, &c J P E Jean Paul Hippolyte Emmanuel Adhémar Esmein Bailiff: Bailli; Basoche Professor of Law in the University of Paris Officer of the Legion of Honour Member of the Institute of France Author... Scandinavia: the Political History of Confederation Bar, of; Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1513-1900; The Baross; Basil; Báthory; First Romanovs, 1613-1725; Slavonic Europe: the Batthyany; Bela III Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 and IV; Bern; Beöthy; to 1796; Charles XII and the Collapse of the Bernstorff; BestuzhevBethlen; his Ryumin; Contemporaries; The Pupils of Peter the Great; Bezborodko;... Bassano; of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute Benevento; Belluno; Bergamo; Author of the Classical Topography of the Roman Bertinoro Campagna; &c T A I Thomas Allan Ingram, M.A., LL.D Trinity College, Dublin T Ba Sir Thomas Barclay, M.P Bailiff; Bill (law); Bill of Sale Belligerency Member of the Institute of International Law Member of the Supreme Council of the Congo Free State Officer of the. .. Badakshan; K.C.I.E., D.Sc., F.R.G.S Bahrein Islands; Bajour; Balkh; Colonel in the Royal Engineers Superintendent, Baluchistan; Bamian; Frontier Surveys, India, 1892-1898 Gold Bela; Bhutan Medallist, R.G.S (London), 1887 H M Commissioner for the Persa-Beluch Boundary, 1896 Author of The Indian Borderland; The Gates of India; &c T L P Rev Thomas Leslie Papillon, M.A Bell Hon Canon of St Albans Formerly... Cambridge Higher Criticism Fellow of the British Academy Part-editor of The Four Gospels in Syriac transcribed from the Sinaitic Palimpsest Author of The Gospel History and its Transmission; Early Eastern Christianity; &c F C C Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, M.A., D.Th Baptism (Giessen) Fellow of the British Academy Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford Author of The Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle;... College, Oxford Bencher of Lincoln's Inn President of the Eugenics Education Society Formerly Member of the General Council of the Bar and of the Council of Legal Education, and Standing Counsel to the University of Oxford M Ja Morris Jastrow, Ph.D Babylonia and Assyria: Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Proper Pennsylvania Author of Religion of the Babylonian Babylonians and Assyrians; &c Names;... in England; Theology and Truth N M Norman McLean, M.A Bardaisān; Bar- Fellow, Lecturer and Librarian of Christ's College, Hebraeus; Bar-Salībī Cambridge University Lecturer in Aramaic Examiner for the Oriental Languages Tripos and the Theological Tripos at Cambridge N V Joseph Marie Noel Valois Basel, Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Benedict Belles-Lettres Honorary Archivist at the Archives... George Abraham Grierson, C.I.E., Ph.D D.Litt Bengali; Bihari (Dublin) Member of the Indian Civil Service, 1873-1903 In charge of Linguistic Survey of India, 1898-1902 Gold Medallist, Asiatic Society, 1909 VicePresident of the Royal Asiatic Society Formerly Fellow of Calcutta University Author of The Languages of India; &c G B B Gerard Baldwin Brown, M.A Basilica (in part) Professor of Fine Arts, University . Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Co- editor of the 10th edition. Balfour, A. J. H. C. R Ph.D. Joint-editor of the New English Dictionary (Oxford). Fellow of the British Academ y. Author of The Story of the Goths; The Making of English ;