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THE UNIVERSITY OF DA NANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES ĐOÀN PHAN ANH TRÚC LANGUAGE OF GRADUATION IN ENGLISH LITERARY DISCOURSE THROUGH THE LENS OF TRANSLATION DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Da Nang, 2022 download by : skknchat@gmail.com THE UNIVERSITY OF DA NANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES ĐOÀN PHAN ANH TRÚC LANGUAGE OF GRADUATION IN ENGLISH LITERARY DISCOURSE THROUGH THE LENS OF TRANSLATION Major : ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code : 92.20.201 DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES SUPERVISOR: DR LÊ THỊ GIAO CHI Da Nang, 2022 download by : skknchat@gmail.com i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Da Nang, February 2022 Doan Phan Anh Truc download by : skknchat@gmail.com ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my special appreciation to my supervisor, Dr Lê Thị Giao Chi who whole-heartedly and conscientiously led me through the whole process of my thesis She gave me timely feedback, useful advice and hearted support, especially inspiring words in exploring the field of translation Her constant encouragement together with endless formal and informal exchanges over varying stages of the research, especially her meticulous attention to details when it comes to proofreading and presenting the research results have enabled me to grow as an independent researcher and inspired me in my research work as well as in my teaching career All of these have contributed to the fruitful completion of this doctoral thesis My gratitude also extends to Assoc Prof Dr Phan Văn Hòa, Assoc Prof Dr Trần Hữu Phúc, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Văn Long, Dr Huỳnh Ngọc Mai Kha, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa, Assoc Prof Dr Lưu Quý Khương, Dr Ngũ Thiện Hùng, Dr Võ Thị Kim Anh, Assoc Prof Dr Trần Văn Phước, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Tất Thắng, Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn, Dr Võ Duy Đức for their precious and insightful comments in the boards of examiners at the assignments, semina and the pre-final thesis defence I would like to thank University of Foreign Language Studies, The Da Nang University and the Faculty of English for their support and assistance in my research during my years at UFLS and in the completion of my Ph.D I would like to thank the leader of Quang Nam University, Assoc Prof Dr Huynh Trong Duong for creating the best condition for my research work My thanks go to my colleagues and friends for sharing my workload and encouraging me to undertake my thesis And finally, I am indebted to my family for the love and sacrifice they have made, especially my children who are a great source of inspiration in my whole professional and personal life, and above all, the endless support and motivation that enable me to overcome all sorts of difficulty that I have encountered along the way towards fulfilment of this demanding duty download by : skknchat@gmail.com iii ABSTRACT This thesis aims at investigating language of graduation, or rather intensification, in English literary discourse through the lens of translation The study builds on the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by Halliday (1985; 2004) and the linguistic theory of Appraisal developed by Martin and White (2005) with a view to examining the realisations of intensification as embodied in English literary discourse Via the lens of translation, the thesis stands on the translation models by Nida (2004), Vinay and Darbelnet (2004) and Munday (2012) to analyse the rendering of the expressions of intensification into Vietnamese as well as strategies employed in the process of translation The thesis has been conducted using qualitative methods and descriptive research with quantitative information in order to deal with problems The data collected for this research include a sample of around 2,121 expressions of intensification taken from four selected English literary works of critical realism and socialist realism in the period of mid-18th century and mid-19th century, and 400 expressions chosen with their Vietnamese translated versions for an analysis of translation The research has expanded the category of intensification into three wellprescribed sub-types with examples taken from the literary discourse, namely (i) isolating intensification; (ii) infusing intensification; and (iii) intensification via rhetorical devices This prescription can provide a detailed picture of intensification, especially the various realizations of intensification at different ranks from word level involving lexical words and non-lexical words to above-word level or ranks like groups and clauses The research helps illuminate intensification from a more functional approach rather than from that of structural linguists and grammarians Noticeably, the research has discovered the nuances of the meaning of intensification through the lens of translation When it comes to communicating across languages, the level of intensity can preserve or can be adjusted in the inclination of sliding-up or sliding-down, at the same time, the thesis has demonstrated strategies of translation used in the process of rendering the meaning of intensification into Vietnamese download by : skknchat@gmail.com iv Hopefully, the thesis helps language learners and researchers get better insights into the language of intensification as graduation in this genre and apply it to learning and the practice of translation download by : skknchat@gmail.com v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Scope of the Research 1.5 Justification for the Research 1.6 Working Definitions 1.7 Organization of the Research 10 1.8 Chapter Summary 12 Chapter Two 13 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 13 2.1 Review of Previous Studies 13 2.1.1 Appraisal 13 2.1.2 Graduation 17 2.1.3 Intensification 19 2.1.4 Intensification as Graduation and Translation 29 2.2 Theoretical Background 32 2.2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics 32 2.2.1.1 An Overview of Systemic Functional Linguistics 32 2.2.1.2 Meaning in Systemic Functional Linguistics 34 2.2.1.3 Structure and System in Systemic Functional Linguistics .36 2.2.2 Appraisal in Systemic Functional Linguistics 38 2.2.2.1 Overview 38 2.2.2.2 Appraisal in English 40 download by : skknchat@gmail.com vi 2.2.2.3 Graduation in Appraisal in English 42 2.2.2.4 Scale and Gradability 45 2.2.2.5 Intensification in Appraisal in English 46 2.2.3 Intensification and Word Classes in Vietnamese 54 2.2.4 Translation and Issues in Translation 55 2.2.4.1 Defining Translation 55 2.2.4.2 Translation in Relation to Linguistic Theory 57 2.2.4.3 Meaning in Translation 59 2.2.4.4 Equivalence in Translation 60 2.2.4.5 Translation Strategies 62 2.3 Chapter Summary 64 Chapter Three 66 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 66 3.1 Research Design 66 3.2 Research Methods 67 3.2.1 Qualitative Method and Quantitative Information 68 3.2.2 Descriptive Research 69 3.3 Sampling 69 3.4 Data Collection 70 3.4.1 Data Source Description 71 3.4.2 Theoretical Framework for Data Collection 72 3.4.3 Criteria for Identifying Intensification 74 3.4.3.1 Identifying Isolating Intensification 75 3.4.3.2 Identifying Infusing Intensification 75 3.4.3.3 Identifying Intensification via Rhetorical Devices 76 3.5 Procedures for Data Collection 79 3.6 Data Analysis 80 3.6.1 Analytical Framework 81 3.6.2 Procedures for Data Analysis 82 download by : skknchat@gmail.com vii 3.7 Reliability and Validity 84 3.7.1 Reliability 84 3.7.2 Validity 85 3.8 Chapter Summary 86 Chapter Four 88 LINGUISTIC REALIZATIONS OF INTENSIFICATION AS GRADUATION IN ENGLISH LITERARY DISCOURSE 88 4.1 Intensification as Graduation Realized via Isolating Intensifiers 89 4.1.1 Preamble 89 4.1.2 Intensification via Isolating Intensifiers 89 4.1.2.1 Up/Down-scaling in Qualities 90 4.1.2.2 Up/Down-scaling in Verbal Processes 101 4.1.2.3 Up/Down-scaling in Modalities 104 4.1.3 Intensification via Isolating Maximisers 109 4.1.3.1 Up-scaling in Qualities 111 4.1.3.2 Up-scaling in Verbal Processes 115 4.2 Intensification as Graduation Realized via Infusing Intensifiers 118 4.2.1 Preamble 118 4.2.2 Intensification via Infusing Intensifiers 120 4.2.2.1 Up/Down-scaling in Qualities 120 4.2.2.2 Up/Down-scaling in Verbal Processes 130 4.2.2.3 Up/Down-scaling in Modalities 135 4.3 Intensification Realized via Rhetorical Devices 138 4.3.1 Intensification via Metaphors 139 4.3.2 Intensification via Simile 143 4.3.3 Intensification via Hyperbole 146 4.3.4 Intensification via Repetition 148 4.4 Discussion 152 4.5 Chapter Summary 156 download by : skknchat@gmail.com download by : skknchat@gmail.com 225 - Vietnamese Translation of literary works The regional conference preceedings on interdisciplinary research of linguistics and language teaching University of Foreign Languages - Hue University ) Lê Hùng Tiến (2018) Phê bình đánh giá Dịch thuật - Một số vấn đề lý luận thực tiễn dịch thuật Anh - Việt Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội (trans Criticism and Translation Quality Assessment on English - Vietnamese Translation Hanoi: Vietnam National University Press) Nguyễn Anh Quế (1988) Hư từ Tiếng Việt đại Nhà xuất Khoa học xã hội (trans Modern Vietnamese Particles Hanoi: Social and Science Press) Nguyễn Minh Thuyết & Nguyễn Văn Hiệp (1998) Thành phần câu Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội (trans Vietnamese Sentence Elements Hanoi: Hanoi National University Press) Phạm Hùng Việt (2003) Trợ từ Tiếng Việt đại Nhà xuất Khoa học Xã hội (trans Modern Vietnamese Particles Hanoi: Social and Science Press) SOURCES OF DATA Brontë, E J (1947) Wuthering Heights London: Thomas Cautley Newby Galsworthy, J (1906) The Man of Property Moscow: Progress Press Maugham, W S (1919) The Moon and Sixpence Portsmouth: Heinemann Thackeray, W M (1847) Vanity Fair London: Punch Vietnamese Versions Hoàng Túy & Cảnh Lâm (1986) Người Tư hữu Nhà xuất Văn học Nguyễn Thành Thống (1987) Mặt trăng đồng sáu xu Nhà xuất Phú Khánh Nguyễn Vân Hà (2018) Đỉnh gió hú Nhà xuất Văn học Trần Kiệm (2006) Hội chợ phù hoa Nhà xuất Văn học download by : skknchat@gmail.com 226 PUBLICATION LISTS Le Thi Giao Chi, Doan Phan Anh Truc (2019) Investigating Infusing intensifiers in English literary discourse and shifts in their Vietnamese Translation Journal of Language and Life, (285), 57-66 ISSN 0868-3409 Luu Quy Khuong, Doan Phan Anh Truc (2019) Chafe’s Semantic Structure Processes Versus Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar Processes IJSFL - International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics, 1(2), 57-66 E-ISSN 26142614-4247 4255; ISSN Published June 17, 2019 from https://www.ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijsfl/article/view/1075 Doan Phan Anh Truc (2019) Strategies for Translating English isolating intensifiers from Wuthering Heights by Bronté into Vietnamese Quang Nam University Journal of Science 19, 115-126; ISSN 0866-7586 Le Thi Giao Chi, Doan Phan Anh Truc (2021) Isolating Intensifiers in Verbal Processes Found in English Literary Discourse IJSFL - International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics, 3(2), 90-97 E-ISSN 2614-4255; ISSN 2614-4247 Published July 13, 2021 from https://www.ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijsfl/article/view/1075 Doan Phan Anh Truc (2021) Intensification via Rhetorical Devices in English Literary Discourse Kỷ yếu Hội thảo Khoa học Quốc gia Nghiên cứu giảng dạy Ngoại ngữ, ngôn ngữ quốc tế học Việt Nam Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội download by : skknchat@gmail.com 227 APPENDIX APPENDIX - ISOLATING INTENSIFICATION IN QUALITIES MAN OF PROPERTY rather distinguished to be found down there; his slightly curved and fattish nose; fairly shaken; very distressing to me rather a nice point (DOWN-SCALING), rather a poor thing, rather a square build, rather a good-looking fellow, a very warm man, a very pleasant sense of her extreme value, very satisfactory day, a very beautiful figure, very low water, certainly quite a feeling for Nature rather tall, rather contemptuous, rather transparent, rather bald, rather short-sighted, rather high, rather dangerous, rather risky, rather high, rather deaf, rather nice, somewhat pale, somewhat upset, a bit thick, very haughty, very glad, very shaky, very artistic, very clever, very pale, very vexed, very silent, very sorry, very lonely, very well2, very queer4, very artistic, very poor, very white, very late, very blank, very strange, very wrong, very vague, very naked, very intriguee, very old, very bland, very sound, very original, very white, very chic , very sorry, very amusing, very indifferent, very extreme, very faint, evidently very wrong, very quick, so very plain, very pretty, very strange, very artistic, very good, very hard up2, so very thick, very deaf, very high rather strong words, much rather doubtful praise of this house, a rather sardonic mask, a rather deplorable sign, slightly confuse things, a somewhat military look to his face, somewhat luxurious taste (D-SCL), somewhat mysterious awe (D-SCL), in a somewhat low, but distinct voice (D-SCL), a very talented architect (U-SCL), a very sweet look, very charming little house, very lame excuses, very distant traffic, very good designs, very pooty little cellar, a very nice wine, a very charming woman, very queer eyes, very large bow ties, the very same thing, a very different sense of injury, very good care, very small beer, a very considerable income, a very considerable income, a very white face, a very good husband, very hot blood, very nice point, very nice one, a very fair price, a very talented architect, a very clear proposition, very wan in his great armchair, very thin lavender kid gloves smelling strongly of Russia leather somewhat difficult to fit, very clever of her, very different from the other, very well in myself, very extraordinary to Soames, very dear about there, very nice for dear June, very good of dear Soames, very red in the face, very well for people, very fond of you, very close to the architect, very dreadful for him, very alarming in her attitude towards his news, very fond of Jo, a bit puffy about the gills, rather fond of Frances–Francie very comfortably, very plainly, very upright, very sadly, very far, very well dressed, very slowly, very naturally, very slowly, very heavily, very well6, very low2, very poorly, very likely, very still, very well versed in irony, somewhat confidently, rather greedily a bit–a bit up in the air VANITY FAIR rather flushed from the dining-room; very trifling merits; very trifling stupid talk; very pleasing leer; fairly ensconced in her usual armchair in the drawing-room; a very hurried and discomfited manner; a very hesitating humble manner now rather a dubious and timid air; rather a rare accomplishment; rather an absurd constrained manner; very good; rather shabby; very large, odd, and attractive; very kind and good; very rich ; very handsome; rather loud; very red, very modest; very quiet; very good; rather dark; very witty; very brilliant; very cool; very nervous; so very timid and quiet; very big and mighty; very terrible; very good; very close; very mild; very successful; very happy; very earnest; wealthy; rather more interesting, very apoplectic, very clever ; very gracious and good; happy; very dismal; very ill; very wise; very obliging; very kind; very pretty and white; kind, very affectionate and affected; very miserable; very sweet; very melancholy; very hearted; very pale; very haggard and pale; very anxious; very pale; very pale and grave; very download by : skknchat@gmail.com very very very soft- 228 serious; very romantic; very dirty, and friendly, and happy; very strong; very plain; very respectful; very mute; very wicked and selfish; very confused and silent; very welcome; very stupid; very true; very high; very fat; very bad; very long; very different; very good; very great; rather ridiculous; pretty simple; pretty clear; pretty good; pretty similar; pretty comfortable; pretty clear; pretty transparent a very small and weather-beaten old cow's- skin trunk; a very unconcerned manner; a very frigid smile and bow; a very agitated countenance; very amiable motives for religious gratitude; a very large income; a very stout, puffy man; a very beautiful pair of braces; a very handsome man; a very fine man; very high-flown and ingenious novels; very big words; a very high popularity among the Swishtail youth; a very mild one; a very important one too; a very considerable number of persons in the Russell Square world; very good fun for Dobbin; a very foolish vain fellow, a very painful; very genteel connexions; a very stingy; rather unsteady in his gait; a very vain, wicked, foolish place, full of all sorts of humbugs and falsenesses and pretensions; a very polite and proper gentleman; a very reserved and polite manner; very considerable influence and competency; a very clever woman, a very large young dandy, very twinkling eyes, very low ebb in the county of Hants; a very low curtsey; a very great compliment to a woman; fairly interested in the war until the abdication of the Emperor; very little will; a very short one; very pretty company; a very frank and unreserved manner; a very agreeable acquaintance; a very happy and submissive married man; very good blood and fashion in this city; a very kind old man; very famous events and personages; very remarkable obligations to another; pretty comfortable in their minds, a very bad character indeed; very small account; a very humble way in the New Road; a very considerable doubt; a very warm; a very nice young man, very deep bass, very worthy practitioner in Vanity Fair; a very old attachment; a very brave champion in you; very grave news; very good friend; a very shabby dividend; a very hearty appetite; a very early hour in the morning; a very supercilious manner; very hot weather; a very large, very numerous family, a very timid sort; a very large; a very good sport, very thin insig-nificant little chits of ten and eight years old; a very vain, wicked, foolish place; a very stingy, avaricious person; slightly sarcastic, air; a slightly imperious air and patronizing manner; a pretty comfortable unromantic sort of existence in the down and the straw; pretty treachery truth; pretty accurate news; very proud of her wit; very kind to me as a child; very happy to see you; very bad in Bengal; rather ashamed of his champion; very cruel of you to laugh; very unkind to him; rather fond of books; very generous of his money; very red in the face; very fond of each other's society; very fond of Amelia; very handsome for Amelia; very good of you to inquire; very kind of you to come and see us; very unwell after the sudden family event; very glad to see you; very happy to see her ladyship; always very cold to me; very kind to her here; very different to that look of sentimental wonder; very happy to see the Captain immediately; very hard in Mr Chopper's face; very eager to get to London; very kind to her; pretty easy about his adversary in the encounter; pretty well to do; pretty stout at breakfast-time; quite different, pretty sure of beating his enemy thoroughly before the night was over; rather suddenly; very graciously; very modestly behind them; rather wistfully; very ruefully at her friend; very well; rather dubiously; very eagerly; very handsomely dressed in a court suit; very heavily; very kindly in one of his several great coats; very well; very slow for the last two stages on the road; very well know; very lightly about divorce; very soon; very demurely; very readily; very well; very likely; very satisfactorily; very pleasantly; very like coldness towards her; very prudently; very often; very late from the City; very far indeed; very palely and calmly; very quietly; very best to serve him; very strongly; very well, very unwell; very well; very smartly dressed; very well; very keenly; very low; very humbly; very generously; very early in the morning; very early the next morning; very warmly; very wisely; very surlily; very warmly; very carefully; very suddenly; very well; pretty gaily; pretty well; pretty cheerfully; pretty frequently; pretty easily; pretty correctly; pretty cheerfully in smoking; pretty nearly opposite to the Earl of Bareacres very like a sigh out of his big chest; very like moisture glistening in his eyes DINH GIO HU rather disposed to defer the sequel of her narrative my-self; so very frightened; rather inclined rather a rough mess; rather a triumphant tone download by : skknchat@gmail.com 229 an old man: very old; very fair; rather golden; very well , and very hand-some; not very happy; rather severe sometimes; rather thin (D-SCL); very black (U-SCL); very unhappy (U-SCL); very strange; very grateful; very likely ; rather exasperating, very uncomfortable; very, very sad; very precarious; very wrong; very languid; very flattering; very pretty and very silly; very contrite; very kind; very snappish; very bad breeding; very delicate; very unwell; very hard; very likely; very ill ; very stiff; very young; rather sallower: very wicked; very quiet; very kind; very dull; very mean and malignant; very careful; very wet; very soon a fit of coughing took her a very slight one; a very agreeable portrait (U-SCL), rather expensive material, a very unlikely hour to be troubling people; a very naughty look; very worthless trash to me; very idle curiosity fairly mad at him (U-SCL); very sad for Hind-ley’s sake (U-SCL); very queer to think it; very capable of being as obstinate as you; very prejudicial to Mrs Linton; rather more anxious about me; very kind to him; fairly lord of their estates; very sensitive to suspected slights; very naughty to dare to repeat what he says; very happy with my little Cathy; rather slovenly; very conveniently; very low (D-SCL); very quick; very far ; rather too indulgent in humouring her caprices; very uncertainly; very plain; so very reluctantly; rather unwillingly; very late; very stealthily; very punctually; rather contemptuously; a bit late in the evening; a bit further; a bit farther back; somewhat later than usual; pretty sharply, very well ADJ 47 ADJ IN NP ADJ +PP 11 (PP=toinf) ADV fairly in; MOON-SIXPENCE rather ill-cut bread-and-butter, somewhat embarrassed, slightly outraged at his lack of spirit somewhat the idea; rather an advantage; rather a compliment; rather tall and plump; rather sallow; rather uncomfortable; slightly vexed; slightly coloured; somewhat undignified; fairly prosperous; rather silent, rather mysterious; very strange; rather tall; very inconvenient; very young; very romantic; very severe; very dul; very quiet; very young; very uncomfortable; very clever; very sweet; very fond; very short; very gay; very good; very reliable; very glad; very improbable; very long; very easy; very expensive; very unhappy; very cunning; very amusing; very young; very good; very strong; a bit surly; a pretty shrewd idea of it a rather indifferent hand to shake; a rather dull man; rather absurd incident; a rather pleasing sensation; somewhat realistic details on the subject; somewhat copious notes at the time; very discreet proportions; a very nice party; a very quiet youth in the country; rather more formidable tea-parties; a very dull evening; a very strange letter under the circumstances; a very natural jealousy; a very small room; a very small washstand; a fairly coherent picture of their lives; slightly pious expression; a very strange letter under the circumstances very sorry for her; very fond of them; very ingenuous of me somewhat anxiously; somewhat tartly; very well together; very naturally; very politely; somewhat impressively; pretty well somewhat at random; somewhat to my surprise 20 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 230 APPENDIX - ISOLATING MAXIMISERS UP/DOWN-SCALING OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ITEMS OCCURENCE Quite perfectly most practitioner, made a most delightful and majest-ic impression, a most creditable younger brother, a most safe and advantageous way, another most blissful morning, a most respectful obeis-ance, a most cautious and delicate manner, a most respectable family, a most delightful and affable per-son, a very strong party, a most injured wo-man download by : skknchat@gmail.com 231 entirely extremely greatly completely altogether absolutely thoroughly exceedingly highly utterly fully terribly awfully enormously extraordinarily dreadfully excessively Total download by : skknchat@gmail.com 232 APPENDIX 3- ISOLATING MAXIMISERS UP/DOWN-SCALING OF PROCESSES ITEMS OCCURENCES Quite completely greatly entirely altogether thoroughly exceedingly utterly perfectly absolutely highly fully most extremely terribly totally Total download by : skknchat@gmail.com 233 APPENDIX 4- INFUSING INTENSIFICATION BEING ADJECTIVES QUALITY sorrow feeling badness/ unpleasantness sadness / unhappiness weather beauty kindness joy perfectness Pleasantness / temper light boringness / unhappiness colour bad feeling of fear and shock chararter download by : skknchat@gmail.com 234 APPENDIX 5- INFUSING INTENSIFICATION BEING NOUNS AND ADVERBS NOUNS fool idiot (stupid fool) ADVERBS sorrow, hope – fear warml coldly coolly tenderly y moodily sadly mournfully pitiless fierce, detestably, softly, fearfully, foolishly, desperately, grieved bitterly, seedy-lookin’ chaps sorrowfully, sworn frightfully, dreadfully feverish bewilderment madness detestation and disgust sorrow grief disappointment download by : skknchat@gmail.com ... Prof Dr Lưu Quý Khương, Dr Ngũ Thiện Hùng, Dr Võ Thị Kim Anh, Assoc Prof Dr Trần Văn Phước, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Tất Thắng, Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn, Dr Võ Duy Đức for their precious and insightful... assessments over qualities, processes and verbal modalities recognized as Intensification, and over entities recognized as Quantification In this way, the core of Graduation is to consider how strong or... there is no classification of qualifiers By contrast, Benzinger (1971) categorizes devices signaling for intensification as well as classifes qualifiers Intensive qualifiers are regarded as the
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