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FUNGI: THEIR NATURE AND USES. BY M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D. EDITED BY The Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 549 AND 551 BROADWAY. 1875. PREFACE BY THE EDITOR. As my name appears on the title-page of this volume, it is necessary that I should exactly state what part I had in its preparation. I had no doubt originally engaged to undertake the work myself; but finding, from multiplicity of engagements and my uncertain health, that I could not accomplish it satisfactorily, I thought the best course I could take was to recommend Mr. Cooke to the publishers; a gentleman well known, not only in this country, but in the United States. The whole of the work has therefore been prepared by himself, the manuscript and proof sheets being submitted to me from time to time, in which I merely suggested such additions as seemed needful, subjoining occasionally a few notes. As the work is intended for students, the author has had no hesitation in vi repeating what has been stated in former chapters where it has been thought to prove useful. I have no doubt that the same high character will justly apply to this as to Mr. Cooke’s former publications, and especially to his “Handbook of British Fungi.” M. J. BERKELEY. Sibbertoft, November 23, 1874. vii CONTENTS. PAGE I. Nature of Fungi. 1 II. Structure. 17 III Classification 64 IV. Uses. 82 V. Notable Phenomena. 105 VI. The Spore and Its Dissemination. 119 VII. Germination and Growth. 137 VIII. Sexual Reproduction. 163 IX. Polymorphism. 182 X. Influences and Effects. 209 XI. Habitats. 233 XII. Cultivation. 253 XIII. Geographical Distribution. 266 XIV. Collection and Preservation. 287 Index. 295 ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE 1. Agaric in Process of Growth. 18 2. Section of Common Mushroom. 19 3. Sterile cells, Basidia, Cystidium, from Gomphidius. 21 4. Polyporus giganteus (reduced). 23 5. Hydnum repandum. 24 6. Calocera viscosa. 25 7. Tremella mesenterica. 25 8. Basidia and spores of Phallus. 28 9. Basidia and spores of Lycoperdon. 30 10. Threads of Trichia. 32 11. Arcyria incarnata, with portion of threads and spore. 33 12. Diachæa elegans. 34 13. Cyathus vernicosus. 34 14. Cyathus, Sporangia and spores. 35 15. Asterosporium Hoffmanni. 36 16. Barren Cysts and Pseudospores of Lecythea. 37 17. Coleosporium Tussilaginis. 37 18. Melampsora salicina, pseudospores of 37 19. Cystopus candidus, conidia of 38 20. Xenodochus carbonarius, pseudospore. 39 21. Phragmidium bulbosum, pseudospores. 39 22. Pseudospores of Puccinia. 40 23. Thecaphora hyalina, pseudospores. 41 24. Æcidium Berberidis, peridia of 41 25. Helminthosporium molle, threads and spores. 43 26. Acrothecium simplex. 44 27. Peronospora Arenariæ. 44 28. Polyactis cinerea. 45 29. Peziza Fuckeliana, with ascus and sporidia. 48 30. Penicillium chartarum. 50 31. Mucor mucedo, with sporangia. 51 32. Small portion of Botrytis Jonesii. 53 33. Section of cup of Ascobolus. 57 34. Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses of Ascobolus. 59 35. Perithecium of Sphæria. 61 36. Uncinula adunca, conceptacle with appendages. 62 37. Agaricus nudus. 66 38. Scleroderma vulgare, Fr. 69 39. Ceuthospora phacidioides. 70 40. Rhopalomyces candidus. 74 41. Mucor caninus. 75 42. Sphæria aquila, cluster of perithecia. 78 43. Morchella gigaspora, from Kashmir. 99 44. Cyttaria Gunnii 101 45. Spores of Agarics 121 46. Spores of Lactarius 121 46a. Spores of Gomphidius 122 47. Spores of Polyporus, Boletus, and Hydnum. 122 48. Diachea elegans, capellitium of 123 49. Spore of Hendersonia polycystis. 124 50. Spores of Dilophospora graminis. 124 51. Spores of Discosia. 124 52. Spore of Prosthemium betulinum. 124 53. Spore of Stegonosporium cellulosum. 125 54. Stylospores of Coryneum disciforme. 125 55. Spores of Asterosporium Hoffmanni. 125 56. Spores of Pestalozzia. 126 57. Bispora monilioides, concatenate spores 126 58. Pseudospores of Thecaphora hyalina. 127 59. Pseudospores of Puccinia. 127 60. Pseudospores of Triphragmium. 127 61. Pseudospores of Phragmidium bulbosum. 127 62. Winter spores of Melampsora salicina. 127 63. Spores of Helicocoryne. 129 64. Sporidium of Genea verrucosa. 130 65. Alveolate sporidium of Tuber. 130 66. Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses of Ascobolus. 131 67. Sporidium of Ostreichnion Americanum. 132 68. Ascus and sporidia of Hypocrea. 133 69. Sporidium of Sphæria ulnaspora. 133 70. Sporidia of Valsa profusa. 133 71. Sporidia of Massaria fœdans. 134 72. Sporidium of Melanconis bicornis. 134 73. Caudate sporidia of Sphæria fimiseda. 134 74. Sporidia of Valsa thelebola. 134 75. Sporidia of Valsa taleola. 135 76. Sporidium of Sporormia intermedia. 135 77. Asci and sporidia of Sphæria (Pleospora) herbarum. 135 78. Sporidium of Sphæria putaminum. 135 79. Basidia and spores of Exidia spiculosa. 139 80. Germinating spore and corpuscles of Dacrymyces. 140 81. Germination of Æcidium Euphorbia. 142 82. Germinating pseudospores of Coleosporium Sonchi. 144 83. Germinating pseudospore of Melampsora betulina. 144 84. Germinating pseudospore of Uromyce appendiculatus. 145 85. Germinating pseudospore of Puccinia Moliniæ. 146 86. Germinating pseudospore of Triphragmium Ulmariæ. 146 87. Germinating pseudospore of Phragmidium bulbosum. 147 88. Germinating pseudospores of Podisoma Juniperi. 148 89. Germinating pseudospore of Tilletia caries. 150 90. Pseudospore of Ustilago receptaculorum in germination, and secondary spores in conjugation. 151 91. Conidia and zoospores of Cystopus candidus. 151 92. Resting spore of Cystopus candidus with zoospores. 152 93. Zygospores of Mucor phycomyces. 158 94. Sporidium of Ascobolus germinating. 161 95. Zygospore of Mucor. 165 96. Zygospore of Rhizopus in different stages. 167 97. Conjugation in Achlya racemosa. 169 98. Conjugation in Peronospora. 171 99. Antheridia and oogonium of Peronospora. 172 100. Conjugation in Peziza omphalodes. 175 [...]... glaucus and Eurotium 189 103 Erysiphe cichoracearum, receptacle and mycelium 191 104 Twig with Tubercularia and Nectria 193 105 Section of Tubercularia with conidia 194 106 D Nectria with Tubercularia, ascus and paraphyses 195 107 Cells and pseudospores of Æcidium berberidis 201 108 Cells and pseudospores of Æcidium graveolens 201 109 Torrubia militaris on pupa of a moth 243 xiii FUNGI THEIR NATURE, USES, ... parallel even amongst phanerogams in the mistletoe and broom-rape and similar species Amongst fungi a large number are thus parasitic, distorting, and in many cases ultimately destroying, their host, burrowing within the tissues, and causing rust and smut in corn and grasses, or even more destructive and injurious in such moulds as those of the potato disease and its allies A still larger number of fungi... of reproduction and the foliage, it is to some extent possible to understand the connection between parasitic plants like fungi, which do not derive their support from the constructive energy of their fronds, and those which are self-supporting and possess true fronds In the highest classes of plants the flowers are connected with the leaves, more especially by means of xanthophyll and yellow xanthophyll,... three kingdoms, through that of the primary groups in one kingdom, to a comparison of tribes, alliances, and orders, we shall require closer observation, and more and more education of the eye to see, and the mind to appreciate, relationships and distinctions We have already assumed that fungi are duly and universally admitted, as plants, into the vegetable kingdom But of this fact some have even ventured... authors include with fungi, and others with algæ Wasps, spiders, moths, and butterflies become enveloped in a kind of mould named Isaria, which constitutes the conidia of Torrubia, a genus of club-shaped Sphæriæ afterwards developed Some species of Isaria and Torrubia also affect the larvæ and pupæ of moths and butterflies, converting the whole interior into a mass of mycelium, and fructifying in a clavate... since propounded, and which, like all new theories, has collected a small but zealous circle of adherents It will be necessary briefly to summarize this theory and the arguments by which it is supported and opposed, inasmuch as it is intimately connected with our subject As recently as 1868, Professor Schwendener first propounded his views,[J] and then briefly and vaguely, that all and every individual... known as an old and experienced worker amongst amœboid forms of animal life, and, when in Bombay, he devoted himself to the examination of the Myxogastres in their early stage, and the result of his examinations has been a firm conviction that there is no relationship whatever between the Myxogastres and the lower forms of animal life De Bary has himself very much modified, if not wholly abandoned, the... time, will separate below and leave the gills exposed When, therefore, the mushroom has arrived almost at maturity, the pileus expands, and in this act the veil is torn away from the margin of the cap, and remains for a time like a collar around the stem Fragments of the veil often remain attached to the margin of the pileus, and the collar adherent to the stem falls back, and thenceforth is known as... consist of hundreds and thousands of individuals, of which, however, only one acts as master, while the others, in perpetual captivity, provide nourishment for themselves and their master This master is a fungus of the order Ascomycetes, a parasite which is accustomed to live upon the work of others; its slaves are green algæ, which it has sought out, or indeed caught hold of, and forced into its service... are the supposed algæ; and the cellular structure which surrounds, encloses, and imprisons the gonidia is the parasitic fungus, which is parasitic on something infinitely smaller than itself, and which it entirely and absolutely isolates from all external influences Dr Bornet believed himself to have established that every gonidium of a lichen may be referred to a species of algæ, and that the connection . FUNGI: THEIR NATURE AND USES. BY M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D. EDITED BY The Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,. moth. 243 xiii FUNGI THEIR NATURE, USES, INFLUENCES, ETC. [Pg 1] I. NATURE OF FUNGI. The most casual observer of Nature recognizes in almost