Bài giảng quản trị công chapter 3 pgs ts sử đình thành

CHAPTER PUBLIC POLICY and PUBLIC ANALYSIS SU DINH THANH LEARNING OBJECTIVES ƒ Understanding the definition of public policy ƒ Understanding the steps of public analysis DEFINITION OF PUBLIC POLICY & ANALYSIS „ Public policy and policy analysis focus on researching on what governments „ The public Th bli administration d i i t ti concern with ith how h th operate, they t and in using empirical methods to analyse policy „ Definitions of public policy found in the literature range from ‘declarations of intent, a programme of goals, and general rules covering future behaviour to important government decisions, a selected line or course of action, the consequences of action or inaction, and even all governmentt action’ ti ’ (Lynn, (L 1987) Definition… Definition „ It is easy eas to find that public p blic policy polic is to be regarded here as the output of government and policy analysis is an empirical approach to deriving deri ing and explaining e plaining policy POLICY ANALYSIS „ Public P blic policy polic began with ith the systematic s stematic analysis anal sis of data for governmental purposes „ Empiricall methods h d were to be b usedd to aid id decisiond ii making in public policy Empirical methods „ Some of the empirical methods used in policy analysis include: „ „ „ „ „ (i) benefit–cost benefit cost analysis (optimum choice among discrete alternatives without probabilities); (ii) decision theory (optimum choice with contingent probabilities); ((iii)) optimum p level analysis y ((findingg an optimum p policy p y where doing too much or too little is undesirable); (iv) allocation theory (optimum - mix analysis) and (v) time optimization models (decision - making systems designed to minimize time consumption) (Nagel, 1990) Empirical methods „ Empirical methods undoubtedly ndo btedl would o ld improve impro e the making of policy However, there are relatively few m ndane problems mundane problems „ Public policy is usually complex and has no easy answers Policy process model „ Patton and Sawicki Sa icki (1986) put p t forward for ard a six-step si step model of policy process : „ Step 1: Verify, f define d f andd detail d l the h problem bl „ Before starting to look at any policy problem, the first step is, of course, to specify what the problem actually is Policy process model „ Step St 22: E Establish t bli h evaluation l ti criteria it i „ „ This step allows other evaluation criteria to be considered id d instead i t d off always l referring f i to t cost t Other valued criteria could include effectiveness, political li i l acceptability bili or even votes and d equity i „ The criteria may derive from the statement of the problem, or from whom the analysis is being carried out for Policy process model „ Step St 3: Identify Id tif alternative lt ti policies li i „ „ Once the goals are known and evaluation criteria specified, ifi d it should h ld be b possible ibl to t develop d l a sett off alternative ways of getting to the known goals Al Alternatives i may also l be b identified id ifi d through h h ‘researched ‘ h d analysis and experiments, through brainstorming techniques and by writing scenarios techniques, Policy process model „ Step St 4: Evaluate E l t alternative lt ti policies li i „ „ Once alternative policies are identified, each can be rigorously i l evaluated, l t d by b deciding d idi the th particular ti l points i t in i favour or against each of the alternative proposals Th evaluation The l i stage should h ld identify id if those h alternatives l i that are feasible and those that are not; those that will be expensive or politically impossible expensive, impossible At this point more data may also have to be collected or the original problem redefined redefined Policy process model „ Step St 5: Display Di l andd select l t among alternative lt ti policies li i „ „ The results of the evaluation may be presented to the client li t as a list li t off alternatives, lt ti or a preferred f d alternative lt ti No alternative is likely to be perfect, instead, all of the alternatives l i will ill have h good d points i and d bad b d points i Policy process model „ Step St 6: Monitor M it policy li outcomes t „ „ No policy is complete at this point There are often unintended i t d d consequences, possible ibl diffi lti difficulties i in implementation or changes in circumstances M i i or evaluation Monitoring l i off progress is, i or should h ld be, b fundamental to any policy LIMITATIONS OF POLICY ANALYSIS „ Quantitative Q tit ti methods th d „ Numbers are useful and provide information to decisionmakers k but b t public bli policy li gives i th them t much too h emphasis h i It is very easy to decry formal mathematical approaches as being unrealistic if applied to the world of policy and politics, LIMITATIONS … „ Separate S t public bli policy li discipline di i li „ Public policy discipline should connect with the di i li off public discipline bli administration d i i t ti If not, t public bli policy li was unrealistic LIMITATIONS … „ Over O emphasis h i on decisions d ii „ The absence of personality is a problem for public policy models d l „ A faulty model of science „ „ There is reason to believe that public policy analysis is based on a faulty, or at least old-fashioned, model of science The derivation of empirical methods from those of political science was both a strength and a weakness ... likely to be perfect, instead, all of the alternatives l i will ill have h good d points i and d bad b d points i Policy process model „ Step St 6: Monitor M it policy li outcomes t „ „ No policy... the problem, or from whom the analysis is being carried out for Policy process model „ Step St 3: Identify Id tif alternative lt ti policies li i „ „ Once the goals are known and evaluation criteria... Alternatives i may also l be b identified id ifi d through h h ‘researched ‘ h d analysis and experiments, through brainstorming techniques and by writing scenarios techniques, Policy process model „