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Chapter 5: Evolving the Services and System Features to Generation 2.5 by the GSM Phase 21 Program Section 1: The GSM Phase 21 Work in ETSI SMG (1993–1996) Philippe Dupuis 1 5.1.1 The Invention of Phase 21 5.1.1.1 The Invention of the Phase 21 Concept In 1992 SMG had to stop adding new items to the phase 2 work programme. It was never- theless clear that there would be something after phase 2. Some proposed to call it ‘‘phase 3’’. This would of course have later caused some confusion with third generation. But the actual reason why SMG rejected this expression is that it would have suggested a phase 2/phase 3 transition similar to the phase 1/phase 2 transition, while it was thought that, for this further evolution, one should aim at a full cross phase compatibility. It would not have been indeed acceptable to impose a retrofit or upgrading to all networks each time a category of mobile equipment with novel features is introduced to suit a particular market requirement. As explained in Chapter 4 such a full cross phase compatibility required more complexity in the mobile equipment but this was now feasible in most cases. Even in phase 2, a trend in this direction existed with the decision to have mobile equipment with multiple encryption algo- rithms or multiple speech codecs. The expression ‘‘phase 3’’ having been rejected different periphrases were used such as ‘‘beyond phase 2’’, or ‘‘the further work programme’’. Then at the beginning of 1993 PT12 invented the expression ‘‘phase 21’’ which was immediately adopted without debate. It appeared for the first time in the meeting report of SMG#6 (Read- ing, March 1993). Phase 21 was considered to be open ended. Its objective was to allow GSM to adapt to new 1 The views expressed in this section are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of his affiliation entity. GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-470-84322-5 (Hardback); 0-470-845546 (Electronic) market requirements coming from users, operators or manufacturers and resulting from growing users expectation or from the progress in microelectronics which, for instance, makes it possible to introduce terminals with enhanced features and functionality. In 1996 it was decided that phase 21 would be organised in annual releases. The objective here was to maintain a full internal consistency of the GSM core specifications and test specifications throughout the various stages of their evolution. At SMG#17 (Edinburgh, January–February 1996) an ad hoc group composed of Ansgar Bergmann, Simon Pike, Re ´ mi Thomas and Jonas Twingler made proposals in this direction 2 which were agreed at SMG#18 (Bonn, April 1996). The first release was the 1996 release. 5.1.1.2 The Content of Phase 21 Phase 21 in March 1993 was just an extension of phase 2. 3 The phase 21 workplan contained new supplementary services such as ‘‘ Completion of calls to a busy subscriber’’ , ‘‘ Malicious Call Identification’’ , ‘‘ Compression of user data’’ . One work item, ‘‘ Three-Volt technology SIM’’ , was a consequence of the progress of microelectronics, as is explained below. There was nothing really revolutionary even if other items were already more future oriented such as ‘‘Extension to the SMS alphabet’’ because of the adoption of GSM in the Arab countries, and an expected similar move in China. ‘‘ Service to GSM handportable Mobile Stations in fast trains’’ was also triggered by the growth in the use of GSM in Europe. ‘‘ Operation of Dual Band GSM/DCS by a single operator ‘‘ was already a precursor of the future work on dual-band operation. Finally there were other work items required by actors in other areas, such as GSM-DECT interworking or the support of Universal Personal Tele- communications (UPT). This last category of work items never resulted in market products as eventually GSM networks themselves succeeded to serve the various underlying user require- ments. It is only at SMG#6 that a process was started through which phase 21 would acquire its full dimension. It started with a document 4 tabled by Nokia suggesting that we could evolve GSM beyond what we had previously envisaged. This document was only 2 pages long and entitled ‘‘ GSM in a future competitive environment’’ . When it was first circulated everybody was puzzled by the title and read it. Several participants immediately expressed their disagreement very loudly. The document was indeed putting in question all the mainstream ideas about the following generation, or UMTS. It was for instance proposing to adopt improved speech coding algorithms, to introduce higher bit rate data services, etc. Many of the meeting participants therefore objected that what was proposed in the document actually belonged to the third generation and said they were very much against transforming GSM into a 2.5 generation system. Passionate discussions took place during the coffee breaks. Eventually we had to agree that all this was making sense. When the document came for discussion and was presented by Heikki Ahava it received significant support. Following a course of action which had been taken in similar circumstances in the past it was proposed to arrange an extraordinary meeting to discuss the matter further. I had a different idea. I thought that what was needed was brain storming rather that quick decisions and suggested to hold an open workshop to which we could invite experts from non-ETSI GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication74 2 Report of the ad hoc group on working procedures, TDoc SMG 173/96, January 1996. 3 The first phase 2 1 work plan was produced by PT12 for SMG#7 (June 1993), see Tdoc SMG 475/93 and 517/93. 4 GSM in a future competitive environment, TDoc SMG 234/93, March 1993. companies. Nokia was put in charge of arranging that workshop in co-operation with the SMG chairman. I remember reviewing with Heikki Ahava during the following coffee break a list of possible topics and speakers on each of them and adding to the list the integration of Intelligent Networks (IN) concepts in GSM. 5.1.1.3 The Helsinki Workshop in October 1993 The workshop on ‘‘ GSM in a future competitive environment’’ took place on the 12–13 October 1993 in Helsinki. It attracted 64 participants including some from organisations not belonging to ETSI. The report 5 was submitted to SMG#9 (Nice, January 1994). It is difficult to summarise the results as proposals addressing a large number of different areas were discussed. Most of them were not entirely new. However, putting them together in perspective gave a striking effect. It made it clear that it was possible to design an evolu- tionary path from GSM to the next generation of mobile communications. This was indeed what Nokia had in mind. 6 They thought that the mobile communications industry, having invested so much in GSM, could not one day abandon it to adopt an entirely new system, as UMTS was then expected to be. The point was made that in other regions of the world more consideration was given to an evolutionary approach. In this respect an interesting paper was presented by Dr Tiedeman of Qualcomm. I had invited him because he had inspired in the ITU a paper from Korea suggesting the association of Qualcomm’s CDMA radio technology with the GSM platform. This could have been a part of another evolutionary path towards a single world standard. Looking at the different evolution areas I was impressed by the fact that different features that we had thought of to materialise only in UMTS 7 could be implemented in GSM, such as high quality speech, the integration of IN concepts, the integration of satellite and terrestrial mobile communications, etc. On the first day a dinner was hosted by Sari Baldauf of Nokia whom we had met in similar circumstances at a GSM dinner in Helsinki in 1988. Her belief in the success of GSM and the growth of mobile communications was certainly an encouragement to all of us. 5.1.2 Major Phase 21 Work Areas It is not easy to make a comprehensive presentation of the work done in 1993–1996 on phase 21. Work was undertaken on so many different items that it would be too long to list them all. In many cases also the results materialised some time later. In this section we just give some indication of some of the work areas which are representative of the diversity of the content of phase 21 or of the general trend in GSM evolution. 5.1.2.1 3-Volt SIM This is a typical example of a technology driven evolution. As the reader knows, the SIM is one of the most interesting elements of GSM. It carries all user specific data and can be inserted in any type of Mobile Equipment (ME). Chapter 5: Evolving the Services and System Features to Generation 2.5 75 5 TDoc SMG 2/94 6 TDoc SMG 234/93 7 See Chapter 8, Section 1. For this purpose it was necessary to specify the SIM/ME interface and this was done in 1990 on the basis of the current 5-Volt technology. Having left this unchanged would have prevented the manufacturers of mobile terminals from exploiting the benefits of the new 3-Volt technology, in particular a lower power consumption. In 1995 SMG thus specified a new interface and, more importantly, reached a consensus on transitional arrangements. 5.1.2.2 New Speech Codecs The introduction of new speech codecs was needed to enable GSM to offer a speech quality fully comparable to the quality of the fixed networks and to effectively compete against them. It was decided to undertake preliminary studies for the introduction of an Enhanced Full-Rate (EFR) speech codec already at the SMG#9 meeting. Very soon after this, introduction was urgently required by North American PCS operators who were planning 1900 MHz networks using the GSM based ANSI J-STD-007 standard. Several manufacturers, including Alcatel, Ericsson, Motorola and Ericsson tabled a proposal which was adopted at SMG#16 (Vienna, October 1995). In Europe the DCS 1800 operators were the first to implement it. 5.1.2.3 Interoperability within the GSM Family and Multi-band Operation In 1995 the GSM family consisted of GSM at 900 MHz, DCS1800 at 1800 MHz, which was then renamed GSM 1800, 8 and of the recently adopted ANSI standard J-STD-007 for Amer- ican PCS systems at 1900 MHz. The early form of interoperability between GSM and DCS 18000 networks was ‘‘ SIM roaming’’ . By inserting a GSM SIM in a DCS 1800 mobile equipment, or vice versa, an user could indeed access networks of the two categories. The same procedure was also extended to the US 1900 MHz networks. To allow this form of interoperability the network specifications of the three variants had only to be aligned to the greatest extent possible. For GSM and 900 and GSM 1800 this was part of phase 2. For J-STD-007 it was decided that European and American experts would co-operate to remove all possible incompatibilities. Later manufacturers developed 900–1800 MHz dual-band mobile stations, followed by 900–1800–1900 MHz tri-band mobile stations. This required in addition the use of a unique radio channel numbering plan, a point that T. Ljunggren had already addressed in a presenta- tion at the Helsinki seminar in 1993. Beyond this it was recognised that, in Europe, it would be possible to operate mixed 900– 1800 MHz networks in which dual band mobile stations would switch bands as often as required, even on the occasion of a handover. This perspective was quite attractive to 900 MHz operators who could gain capacity in high density urban areas as well as to 1800 MHz operators who could benefit from international roaming onto 900 MHz networks. For regu- lators it provided a way to harmonise the spectrum allocations of the different competitors. It required a further set of specifications. Thanks to the dedication of T. Ljunggren to this subject they were adopted at SMG#15 (Heraklion, July 1995). A few weeks later a live GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication76 8 The expression DCS 1800 had initially been used. It was proposed by the Mobile Expert Group in 1990 following a request of some manufacturers who thought that GSM 1800 would deprive them from any flexibility in IPR negotiations. The 1800 MHz operators also preferred it as they hoped to be able to offer a more advanced set of services. demonstration of a dual-band handover was made in Stockholm by Telia using a prototype dual-band mobile station built by Motorola. 5.1.2.4 CAMEL In 1993 some GSM operators already offered customised services. In most cases their users could not access these services when roaming in a foreign network. The reason was that service customisation required the implementation of some IN concepts and this implemen- tation had then been carried out by the different GSM infrastructure manufacturers on the basis of proprietary solutions. The answer was obviously to integrate IN concepts into GSM in an harmonised manner. The far reaching implications of this issue were obvious. This is why I had insisted on having a first discussion on the subject at the Helsinki workshop. In 1994 SMG1 proposed a first step in this direction in a work item called Customised Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL). But operators in the GSM MoU had eventually understood the value of the IN approach and were proposing to go even further. A joint SMG/MoU workshop was then called to discuss the various proposals and ideas. The organiser on the GSM MoU side was Michael Davies of BellSouth in New Zealand. It was entitled ‘‘ The evolution of GSM towards IN’’ and took place in Brussels in February 1995. I had invited Nicola Gatti of Telecom Italia, the chairman of the NA6 group responsible for IN within ETSI, to take part. Ambitious proposals were made including a service creation environment for mobile operators. This integration of IN concepts was a formidable task. It was not possible to rely on the work done for fixed networks because it did not include the mobility component. It was therefore undertaken to enhance the GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) with IN compo- nents, rather than using the Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) under development for the fixed networks. All this took time and only a first phase of CAMEL was included in the 1996 phase 21 release. In the meantime operators and manufacturers could not wait and continued to introduce services based on solutions which were not standardised, or ‘‘ quick and dirty’’ according to an Ericsson colleague. But a trend had been set which was eventually going to bring GSM further along the evolutionary path towards third generation. 5.1.2.5 GPRS All GSM data services were initially based on circuit switched solutions and consequently charged on the basis of the connection time. The attraction of packet based data services is the ability to avoid the connection set-up time and to be charged on the basis of the amount of data transferred, irrespective of the connection time, which makes it possible to keep a permanent connection. In the early days of GSM, probably around 1988, two companies IBM and Motorola had suggested that the GSM should include packet mode data services. This was rejected. As GSM was based on a circuit switched architecture it was not so easy to accommodate packet mode services. In 1992–1993 SMG was again under pressure to introduce packet mode services in GSM, both by the CEC who had a special interest in road transport telematics applications and by the UIC (Union Internationale des Chemins de fer) who were about to select GSM as the technology on which applications for the European railways would be developed. Another Chapter 5: Evolving the Services and System Features to Generation 2.5 77 reason for SMG to start working in this area was that CDPD, a packet mode service, had been introduced in some US cellular networks. A packet mode service was therefore needed for GSM to be competitive on the world scene. The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was then adopted as a phase 21 work item. Work was initially expected to be completed in 1994 but later it was recognised that it could not be finalised before 1996. In the meantime another objective of GPRS had emerged which was to provide an efficient access to the Internet or other IP networks. This has now become the major stake of GPRS. More details can be found in the dedicated description in Chapter 7, Section 8. 5.1.2.6 SIM Application Toolkit Initially called ‘‘ proactive SIM’’ the aim of the SIM application toolkit is to take advantage of the unused computing power available in the SIM. To do this a major obstacle was that the protocol used at the SIM–ME interface includes commands from the ME to the SIM, not vice versa. This protocol had thus to be expanded to allow for instance the SIM to control the display of information on the ME screen (e.g. a menu) or the transmission of short messages (SMS). With this it becomes possible to run in the SIM a simple application allowing for instance a mobile user to access a banking server via automatically generated SMS and perform simple transactions. One of the first applications of this technology has indeed been developed by Cellnet and Barclays bank. 5.1.2.7 Extension to the SMS Alphabet The first countries who adopted GSM and did not use the Latin alphabet were the Arab countries. This was in 1992 and therefore work in this area started early in SMG4. Initially we were following the work in CCITT which was expected to produce alternative alphabets. Progress was very slow. But in 1995 we discovered that the ISO (International Standards Organisation) had almost completed the development of a Universal multi-octet Character Set. The basic plane consisted of a set of more than 65 000 two-octet characters known as Unicode. It was then just a matter of a few meetings for SMG4 to finalise a specification allowing short messages to use either our initial alphabet, then called the default alphabet, or Unicode. Of course with two-octet characters it meant that the maximum length of a message was 80 instead of 160 characters. But it was understood that it would be easy to implement a compression algorithm. My major concern at this time was not to disappoint our Chinese colleagues who were then building GSM networks at full speed. It was solved immediately and I still remember an MoU plenary meeting at which representatives from Hong Kong, China and Taiwan came to me together to learn more about this solution. I also remember that a few months later one of the leading GSM mobile handset manufacturers gave live demon- strations in Beijing of the transmission of SMS in Chinese ideograms. This story also illus- trates the convergence of telecommunications and information technology. We were expecting a solution to come from the telecommunications world and it came from the computer industry. 5.1.2.8 DECT-GSM Interoperability Following the model of the British CT2, DECT had been intended as a radio technology GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication78 which would be simpler, and hopefully cheaper, than GSM and be suitable for cordless phones and for short distance radio communication services either public, as the UK Tele- point, or Wireless PABXs at industry or business sites. Many ideas emerged about possible forms of interworking between DECT and GSM. Within ETSI, SMG was asked to develop the necessary specifications. This never went too far as there was never a clear statement of the functional requirements. Other factors contributed to lessen the interest of DECT for short range radio services. One was that DECT did not include any feature to combat the effect of multipath, and even in short range applications this was a severe limitation. Eventually also one of the reason for using DECT, which was its superior speech quality, disappeared when GSM adopted the EFR. DECT is now in use in cordless telephones and there exists even a combined GSM-DECT handset which enables users at home to receive or originate calls either on the GSM network or on their wire telephone line. But this particular application does not involve any form of interoperability. DECT-GSM interoperability is thus another example of work undertaken without resulting in the successful introduction of market products. The main reason is that GSM alone could meet most of the requirements. 5.1.2.9 Support of UPT A similar example is the work undertaken for the support of UPT. UPT was a concept invented in the 1980s in which a user would receive a ‘‘ personal’’ user number. A call attempt using this number would be re-directed towards the current location of the user, either in the PSTN, ISDN, a GSM network, etc. SMG was asked to develop specifications for the support of UPT in the GSM networks. Again the large adoption of GSM by telecommunications users and the broad coverage of GSM networks made UPT lose its interest, as the basic requirement could be met more simply by just using a GSM handset. Chapter 5: Evolving the Services and System Features to Generation 2.5 79 Chapter 5: Evolving the Services and System Features to Generation 2.5 by the GSM Phase 21 Programme (1993– 2000) Section 2: The GSM Work in ETSI SMG from April 1996 to July 2000 Friedhelm Hillebrand 1 5.2.1 GSM Specification Work to Meet the Market Needs The market provided tough challenges to the specification work. The explosive growth in users, networks and countries covered 2 called for new services, improved quality of service, higher security and capacity. Major efforts were needed to secure the integrity of the GSM specifications at the global level. The take-off of the Short Message Service (SMS) and data services and the potential of mobile Intranet and Internet access called for an accelerated GSM evolution. The standardisation work needed to support the high growth by providing † new services † higher quality of service † higher capacity † higher security The wide global acceptance of GSM required special attention to maintain the compat- ibility and integrity of GSM world-wide. 1 The Technical Committee SMG in ETSI responsible for GSM and UMTS ceased to exist at the end of 31 July 2000, since all GSM and UMTS specification work has been transferred to 3GPP. I was elected SMG Chairman in April 1996 and was twice re-elected. The views expressed in this section are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of his affiliation entity. 2 For exact figures see Chapter 1, Section 3. GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-470-84322-5 (Hardback); 0-470-845546 (Electronic) 5.2.2 The Four GSM Releases: 96, 97, 98 and 99 ETSI Technical Committee SMG (Special Mobile Group) produced four major releases of the GSM Technical Specifications during the years 1996–2000. They cover nearly the complete GSM Phase 21 program, the continued evolution of the basic phase 2 system. The four specification releases were: Release 96, 97, 98 and 99. The core specifications were completed at the end of the year which gave the name to the release. Often smaller parts could only be approved in the first quarter of the following year. Typically 6 months after the completion of the core specifications the necessary operation and maintenance specifications were completed. Typically 1 year after the completion of the core specifications the Mobile Station test specifications for type approval were completed. Stabilisation lasted typically around 4 years, depending on complexity of the tested features, the number of tests, the date of implementation of test tools and arrival of mobiles in the market. A surprise was the ever growing flow of innovative new work items, which demonstrated the vitality and evolution potential of the GSM platform. Nearly all work items were usable in UMTS. Many were critical for the UMTS success (Table 5.2.1). 5.2.3 Selected GSM Phase 21 Work Areas The details of the production of the four releases can be found in the SMG plenary meeting reports from Plenaries SMG#19–SMG#32. These reports are contained as reference docu- ments in the attached CD-ROM. Each meeting report provides a snapshot of all GSM and UMTS activities at the time of the meeting. In order to illustrate the development over time the following sections provide a chronological report about selected work items. The issues are presented from the perspective of the plenary as the highest decision making body. 5.2.3.1 The Inquiry of the European Commission into ‘‘SIM Lock’’ and the Legal Review of the Standardisation Results The European Commission started in early 1996 an ex-officio investigation into ‘‘ alleged anti-competitive conduct’’ by several manufacturers, operators, ETSI and the GSM MoU Association. The subject investigated was the so called ‘‘ SIM lock’’ feature and its use. ETSI SMG had elaborated a specification GSM 02.22 in response to operators’ and manu- facturers’ requests in order to avoid a fragmentation of the market by proprietary solutions. The feature allowed the firm coupling of to one mobile equipment to one SIM, so that this handset would work only with this SIM. Operators wanted to use this in order to protect their commercial interest for subsidised handsets or in case of leased handsets. Very comprehensive material was submitted to the Commission explaining the functions and possible applications as well as details of the standardisation process. Three SMG plenary meetings and an ETSI General Assembly dealt with the matter. During the investigation SMG amended its draft standard, deleting certain wording relating to the use of the SIM lock without changing the functionality of the feature. As the discus- sions became more heated, SMG suspended the work on 27 June 1996 until the completion of the investigation at the end of July 1996. Finally a meeting was granted by the Commission on 25 July. The Chairmen of SMG and Chapter 5: Evolving the Services and System Features to Generation 2.5 81 GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication82 Table 5.2.1 Overview of the GSM Releases 96–99 GSM Release 96 Core specifications completed in December 1996 contains 26 work items, e.g.: 14.4 kbit/s data transmission (including n £ 14.4. kbit/s) SIM ME personalisation (including a review under competition law by the European Commission) CAMEL phase 1 (service creation and portability based in IN) EFR (Enhanced Full-Rate Codec) (taken over from ANSI T1P1) HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Date) SIM toolkit Support of Optimal Routing phase 1 ASCI (Advanced Speech Call Items) phase 1: functions for workgroups to be used by the European railways GSM Release 97 core specifications completed in March 1998 contains 20 work items, e.g.: CAMEL phase 2: additional service creation tools based on IN GPRS (General Racket Radio Service) phase 1 CCBS (Call Completion to Busy Subscriber ASCI phase 2 (Advanced Speech Call Items) SPNP (Support of Private Numbering Plan) SMS enhancements SIM security mechanisms for the SIM toolkit GSM Release 98 core specifications completed in February 1999 contains 30 work items, e.g.: AMR (Adaptive Multi-rate Codec) EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution): basic functions FIGS (Fraud Information Gathering System) MNP (Mobile Number Portability MExE (Mobile Application Execution Environment)/WAP phase 1 TFO (Tandem Free Operation) phase 1 (in-band signalling) CTS (Cordless Telephony System) GSM Release 99 core specifications completed in February 2000 contains new services, e.g.: SMS Advanced Cell Broadcast Service MEXE/WAP phase 2: Mobile Station Execution Environment CAMEL phase 3 GPRS phase 2: General Packet Radio Service EDGE phase 1: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution GSM400: GSM in 450 and 480 MHz bands LCS: Location Services (R98, completion in 1999) Quality enhancements, e.g.: TFO (Trancoder free Operation) phase 2: enhancements and out of band signalling AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate Codec): enhancements Security enhancements, e.g.: Signalling System No. 7 Security Review IMEI Security: stricter principles A5/1: use of full key length [...]... driven by GSM phase 21 and the initial UMTS specification work The 1999 and 2000 figures exclude UMTS, since it was transferred to 3GPP The 1999 and 2000 figures are GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication 94 Figure 5.2.1 Number of temporary documents per year in the GSM and SMG plenary blown up by the wave of changes in GPRS 2000 covers only half a year, since all remaining GSM work... be introduced into public GSM networks as well In addition, the railways frequency band had to be added to the GSM standard This had been done in such a way that a GSM mobile station supporting the railways band has also to support the GSM 900 primary band and the GSM 900 extension band (see Table 5.3.1) As a consequence, roaming into public GSM networks is possible where GSM- R coverage is not feasible... to offer roaming between MSS and GSM based on dual-mode/dual-band terminals and dual-mode/dual-band of operation in the networks For this purpose most mechanisms existed already in GSM 17 The mobile satellite services operators approached the GSM Association (GSMA) in order to get contacts to many GSM operators and the GSMA Perma14 SMG 287/97 SMG 382/97 16 In Australia GSM covers 95% of the population,... was Intensified and Re-structured to Secure the Integrity and Consistency of the Specifications The global co-operation was re-structured to secure the integrity and consistency of GSM and UMTS world-wide by four major measures: † † † † Co-operation agreement between ETSI and the GSM MoU Association New working-together for GSM between ETSI SMG and ANSI T1P1 Integration of all Chinese GSM requirements... GSM and the need to secure the integrity of GSM world-wide and the cohesion with UMTS called for a global specification organisation to perform the further evolution of the GSM specifications in one structure with the UMTS work The work was therefore transferred to 3GPP and SMG was closed at the end of July 2000 GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand... process between SMG and the WAP Forum was certainly a catalyst for this 5.2.3.2.3 GSM Cordless Telephony System (CTS) The idea to use standard GSM for wide-area mobility and a ‘‘cordless’’ solution at home or in the office attracted support The first attempt lead to a dual-mode DECT /GSM handset, which could operate on GSM and DECT 12 There was very little interoperation between GSM and DECT The work was... ETSI and contributions from GSM MoU, CEC, etc Difficulties within ETSI arose when several key elements of the ETSI reform were forgotten by certain ETSI delegates and the spirit of the old Technical Assembly and the related debates on competence, technical support and funding resurrected But the global acceptance of GSM continued and when a global UMTS was emerging the consistency and integrity of the GSM. .. an external body and where such co-operation 34 SMG 283/96 GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication 96 cannot be accommodated within an ETSI Project or Technical Committee This model had been designed within ETSI with the GSM and UMTS work in mind Within the GSM MoU group there was a great dissatisfaction that no non-European GSM operators could participate in the GSM work in Technical... GSM MoU group in Atlanta in 1996 and the ETSI General Assembly 35 In the ‘‘considering’’ section it recognises the role of both organisations and their contributions to GSM: ETSI standards and GSM MoU Permanent Reference Documents on services, charging /accounting, international roaming, security and fraud It confirms relevant elements of the ETSI reform In the ‘‘agreement’’ section on information document... evolve EDGE and GPRS as a common technology 5.2.5.1 Co-operation Agreement between ETSI and the GSM MoU Association During the years from 1987 to March 1989 a very close liaison between the standardisation group CEPT GSM and the GSM MoU group existed, since regulators and network operators were members of both groups Often the heads of delegations were the same persons After March 1989 the standardisation . the GSM Family and Multi-band Operation In 1995 the GSM family consisted of GSM at 900 MHz, DCS1800 at 1800 MHz, which was then renamed GSM 1800, 8 and. already in GSM. 17 The mobile satellite services operators approached the GSM Association (GSMA) in order to get contacts to many GSM operators and the GSMA