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nickname /’nIkneIm/ verb [transitive] to give someone a nickname: đặt biệt danh cho ai They nicknamed her “the Squirrel.” nickname noun [count] an informal name that your friends or fami

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UNIT 5: STUFF OF LIFE

1 READING

1 stuff /stVf/ noun [uncount] the basic material or substance people use for making something: chất liệu

What stuff is this jacket made of? Cái áo vét này làm từ chất liệu gì?

Real life is the stuff of all good novels: Thực tế cuộc sống là nguyên liệu cho tất cả các cuốn tiểu thuyết hay

the stuff of sth: the most necessary, important or typical part/feature of sth.

2 nickname /’nIkneIm/ verb [transitive] to give someone a nickname: đặt biệt danh (cho ai)

They nicknamed her “the Squirrel.”

nickname noun [count] an informal name that your friends or family call you that is not your real name: biệt danh

3 trigger /’trIgC/ noun [count] the part of a gun that you move with your finger to make the gun fire: cò súng

4 come a long way to improve a lot or make a lot of progress: có nhiều cải tiến

Computers have come a long way since the huge mainframes of the 1950s

5 worn /wc:n/ [adjective] something that is worn looks old and damaged because it has been used a lot: mòn

a pair of worn blue jeans

6 weather /’weDC/ verb [intransitive or transitive] if something weathers or is weathered, its appearance changes because

of the effects of wind, rain, etc.: (làm cho cái gì) thay đổI hình dáng, màu sắc vì tác động của nắng, gió, mưa…

Wind and sun had weathered his face

weather noun [uncount] the conditions that exist in the atmosphere relating to temperature, PRECIPITATION

(=rain, snow, etc.), and other features: thời tiết

7 sentimental /,sentI’mentl/ [adjective] relating to emotions instead of reason: tình cảm

I kept the clock purely for sentimental reasons

sentimentally adverb

sentimentalize /,sentI’mentlaIz/ verb [intransitive or transitive] to think about or describe something in a way that is emotional and not based on reason: viết, nói hoặc đối xử với ai một cách tình cảm

This book sentimentalizes the suffering of the disabled: Cuốn sách bi lụy hóa nỗi đau của người tàn tật

sentiment /’sentImCnt/ noun [uncount] feelings of sympathy, sadness, or love that may seem inappropriate: tình cảm

8 autograph /’c:tCgra:f/ verb [transitive] if someone famous autographs a book, photograph, etc., they sign their name

on it: viết tên của mình (lên cái gì)

He was autographing copies of his latest novel

autograph noun [count] a famous person’s name that they sign for someone else to keep: bút tích

My mother got Frank Sinatra’s autograph in the 1970s

9 estimate /’estImeIt/ verb [transitive] to say what you think an amount or value will be, either by guessing or by using available information to calculate it: ước tính

It’s difficult to estimate the cost of making your house safe

estimate /’estImCt/ noun [count] an amount that you guess or calculate using the information available: sự ước lượng, sự ước tính

According to official estimates, over 25% of carbon emissions come from the United States

estimated adjective:

An estimated 300,000 people came to the demonstration

10 signature /’sIgnItSC/ noun [count] a person’s name written in a special way by that person: chữ ký

11 associate /’CsCUsIeIt/ noun [count] someone you work with, especially in business: người cộng tác

a business associate

12 scratch /skrAtS/ verb

1 [intransitive or transitive] to move something sharp against a hard surface and make a noise: cào xước

scratch at: I could hear the dog scratching at the back door.

scratch one’s head: suy nghĩ nát óc

2 [transitive] INFORMAL to write something very quickly and carelessly

13 fix /fIxxks/ verb [transitive] to repair something: sửa

Jessica fixed my watch

have/get something fixed: I have to get my car fixed.

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14 right /raIt/ [adverb]

1 exactly: ngay, thẳng The wind was right in our faces: Gió thổi thẳng vào mặt chúng ta

2 immediately: ngay

I must answer that phone, but I’ll be right back: Tôi sẽ trả lời điện thọai nhưng tôi sẽ trở lại ngay

right away: ngay tức khắc

I want it typed right away, please

3 correctly or accurately:

You did it right the first time

4 in the direction of your right side:

Turn right at the corner

15 off /Of/ [preposition] not on something not on the top or surface of something, especially after being on it: xuống hoặc ra khỏi (một vị trí trên cái gì)

falling off a ladder: ngã xuống từ một cái thang The ball rolled off the table: Quả bóng lăn ra khỏi bàn

16 unseen /Vn'si:n/ [adjective] not seen or known about by anyone

the unseen hand that holds the camera

unseen [adverb] without being seen by anyone:

He hid unseen under the desk

17 pick /pIk/ verb [transitive] to choose someone or something from a group: lựa chọn, chọn lọc

Out of all the girls he could have gone out with, he picked me

pick up phrasal verb

1 [intransitive or transitive] AMERICAN to make a place clean and neat: dọn dẹp

2 [transitive] to lift something up and take it away: lấy đi Pick up a pamphlet for me too

3 INFORMAL to buy something

a market where you can pick up some amazing bargains

4 LISTENING

18 backpack /‘bAkpAk/ noun [count] a large bag that you carry on your back,

especially when you are going climbing or walking: ba lô

19 manage /’mAnIdZ/ verb [intransitive or transitive] to succeed in doing

something, especially something that needs a lot of effort or skill: giải

quyết, xoay sở

I don’t know how you manage

I don’t think I can manage a long walk today

manage to do something: I managed to escape by diving into the river.

20 either /’i:DC/ or /’aIDC/ used in negative statements referring to both of two people or things

Jackie could play the piano and sing, whereas I couldn’t do either: Jackie có thể chơi piano và ca hát, còn tôi không biết cái nào hết

either of: I didn’t like either of the candidates: Tôi không thích ứng viên nào hết (2 ứng viên).

21 possession /pC‘zeSn/ noun [count usually plural] something that you own: tài sản

Their family home and possessions were destroyed in the fire

possess /pC‘zes/ verb [transitive] FORMAL to own a physical object: sở hữu

They were all found guilty of illegally possessing firearms

22 hardly /‘ha:dlI/ [adverb] used for saying that something is almost not true or almost does not happen at all, and is

often used with words like “any” and “ever” : hầu như không

It hardly ever rains here in the summer: Ở đây hầu như không mưa vào mùa hè

Note: Hardly is not related to the word “hard.”

hard /ha:d/ [adjective] difficult to do: khó Some of the questions were very hard

hard [adverb] using a lot of effort: cực lực

The Chinese team have worked very hard to get this far in the competition

23 appreciate /C‘prISIeIt/ verb [transitive never progressive] to understand the true nature of a situation, and realize why it is important or serious: REALIZE: hiểu, nhận ra

I began to appreciate the difficulties my father had faced

appreciate how/why/what etc.: Doctors are only now beginning to appreciate how dangerous this drug can be.

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appreciation /C,prISI‘eISn/ noun [singular or uncount] the ability to understand the true nature of a situation, and realize why it is important or serious: sự am hiểu và thưởng thức

She shows little or no appreciation of good music: Cô ấy tỏ ra ít am hiểu hoặc không thưởng thức được nhạc hay

24 unusual /Vn ’ju:ZuCl/ adjective

1 different from other people or things in a way that is interesting, attractive, or impressive: đặc sắc, đặc biệt The designers have chosen unusual color combinations

2 not normal, common, or ordinary: lạ, khác thường

Residents should contact the police if they notice anything unusual

– opposite USUAL

unusually/Vn’ju:ZuClI/ adverb

25 band /bAnd / noun [count] a flat narrow piece of cloth with the ends joined together to form a circle:

She wore a band around her hair

a hat band

6 LANGUAGE IN ACTION: WHAT’S IT CALLED?

26 frame /freIm/ noun [count] a structure that forms a border for a picture or mirror and holds it in place: khung

frame verb [transitive] to put a picture or photograph in a frame: đóng khung

That’s a nice photo – you ought to have it framed

27 turn /tE:n/ verb

1 [intransitive or transitive] to change the position of your body or head so that you are facing in a different

direction: quay (người)

She turned and smiled at me

He turned his head and looked around the room

2 [transitive] to make something move in a circle: xoay

Turning this wheel will start the machine

turn on phrasal verb [transitive] to start using a piece of equipment by pressing a button or moving a switch:

SWITCH ON: mở

Is your computer turned on?

turn off phrasal verb[transitive] to stop using a piece of equipment by pressing a button or moving a switch:

SWITCH OFF: tắt

Will you turn the television off, please?

turn up phrasal verb [transitive] to increase the amount of sound, heat, or light produced by a piece of equipment

by pressing a button or moving a switch: vặn lớn hơn (âm thanh, sức nóng, ánh sáng…)

Add the mussels, turn up the heat, and leave them to steam until all are fully open

— opposite TURN DOWN

28 screwdriver /’skru:,drIvC/ noun [count] a tool used for turning screws: cái tua vít

29 screw /skru:/ noun [count] a thin pointed piece of metal used for fastening one thing to another: đinh vít

30 whatever /wOt’evC/ can be used as a relative pronoun (starting a relative clause that is the subject, object, or complement of another clause):bất cứ cái gì

You can choose whatever you like

31 mime /maIm/ noun

[uncount] the use of only the movements of your body and face to tell a story or express yourself: diễn tả bằng điệu bộ

a [count] a play performed using mime: kịch câm

b [count] an actor who performs using mime: diễn viên kịch câm

mime verb [intransitive or transitive] to tell a story or express yourself without words, using only the movements of

your body and face: diễn kịch câm

32 gesture /’dZestSC/ noun [count] a movement that communicates a feeling or instruction: cử chỉ, điệu bộ

make a gesture: Ellen rose from the table, and they made the gesture of rising too.

33 substitute /’sVbstItju:t/ noun [count] something that is used instead of something else: vật thay thế

We couldn’t get cream, so we used yogurt as a substitute

a substitute form of energy

substitute verb [transitive] to use something new or different instead of what is normally used: thay thế

substitute something for something: You can substitute chicken for beef if you don’t like red meat.

substitution /,sVbstI’tju:Sn/ noun [count or uncount] the action of replacing someone or something with someone or something else: sự thay thế

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The substitution was made just minutes before the end of the game.

8 LISTENING

34 toaster oven /’tCUstC ’VvCn/ noun [count] a piece of electrical equipment used for making toast: lò nướng

35 drive someone crazy INFORMAL to annoy someone by doing something: làm ai phát điên lên

Will you stop that humming, you’re driving me crazy!

36 figure out phrasal verb [transitive] to be able to understand something or solve a problem: hiểu được hoặc nhìn ra vấn đề

We had to figure out the connection between the two events

37 that /DAt/ (adv) [usually in negatives or questions] MAINLY SPOKEN to a very great degree: tới mức đó, như thế, đến thế

Three years? I can’t wait that long

38 ignore /Ig’nc:r/ verb [transitive] to not consider something or not let it influence you: lờ đi

We had ignored the fact that it was getting darker

39 heat /hi:t/ verb

1 [transitive] or heat up to make something hot: làm cái gì nóng lên Heat the oil gently in a large frying pan

2 [intransitive] to become hot: nóng lên

Is the soup heating up?

heat noun [singular or uncount] the quality of being hot, or how hot something is: sức nóng

The firefighters were driven back by the intense heat and smoke

40 burn /bE:n/ (past tense and past participle burned or burnt) verb

1 [transitive] to damage or destroy something with fire: đốt Demonstrators burned flags outside the embassy

2 [intransitive] if a fire or flame burns, it produces light and heat: cháy

A fire was burning in the hearth

burning adjective [only before noun] very important: rất quan trọng, cấp thiết

one of the most burning issues of the day: một trong những vấn đề nóng bỏng nhất hiện nay

41 whoops /wUps/ (interjection) dùng khi súyt bị tai nạn, làm vỡ cái gì…

Whoops! I nearly dropped the tray: Ối! Tôi súyt đánh rơi cái khay

42 microwave /’maIkrCUweIv/ noun [count] or microwave oven: an oven that cooks food very quickly by passing electricity through it, instead of by heat: lò vi ba

microwave verb [transitive] to cook food in a microwave

12 READING

43 invent /In’vent/ verb [transitive] to design or create something such as a machine or process that did not exist before: phát minh

He invented the technique that allows scientists to examine DNA

invention /In’venSCn / noun [uncount] the act of inventing something: hành động phát minh, sáng tạo

invention of: Global communication was transformed by the invention of the Internet.

inventor /In’ventC / noun [count] someone who has invented something or whose job is to invent things: người

phát minh

44 slipper /’slIpC/ noun [count] a soft comfortable shoe that you wear in your house: dép đi trong nhà

45 itch /ItS/ noun [singular] an unpleasant feeling on your skin that makes you want to SCRATCH

it (=rub it with your nails): sự ngứa ngáy

itch verb [intransitive] if your skin itches, you have an unpleasant feeling that makes you want to SCRATCH it (=rub

your skin with your nails): bị hoặc gây ra ngứa

46 grid /grId/ noun [count] a pattern of straight lines that cross each other to form squares: mạng ô vuông

streets laid out on a grid pattern

47 locate /lCU’keIt/ verb [transitive] to find out the exact place where someone or something is: xác định vị trí

Locate a town on a map

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location / lCU’keISn/ noun [count] the place or position where someone or something is or where something happens:

Have they managed to pinpoint the location of the boat yet?

48 obvious /’ObvICs/ (adj) clear to almost anyone: hiển nhiên, rõ ràng

The most obvious explanation is not always the correct one

obviously (adv)

49 essence /‘esCnts/ noun [singular] the most important part of something, usually the part that gives it its general character: thực chất, bản chất

essence of: The essence of their argument is that life cannot be explained by science.

essential /I‘sentl/ (adj) most basic and necessary: cốt lõi

essential services such as hospitals and public transportation

50 contradiction /,kOntrC‘dIkSnIsentl/ noun [count or uncount] a difference in two or more statements, ideas, stories, etc that makes it impossible for both or all of them to be true: mâu thuẫn, sự trái ngược

contradiction between: He sees no contradiction between his religious beliefs and his membership of the party contradictory /,kOntrC‘dIktCrI/ (adj) contradictory statements, information, ideas, or beliefs disagree with each other and cannot both or all be true: mâu thuẫn, trái ngược

51 typical /‘tIpIkl/ (adj) like most things of the same type: điển hình, đặc trưng, đặc thù

It’s a typical working-class community

typically (adv)

52 process / ‘prCUses/ noun [count] a series of actions that have a particular result: tiến trình, quá trình

Learning a language is a slow process

process of: the complex process of legally changing your name

in the process: trong khi đang làm

I started moving the china ornaments but I dropped a vase in the process: Tôi bắt đầu dọn các đồ trang trí bằng sứ nhưng đang làm thì đánh rơi cái bình

53 materialism /mC‘tICrIClIsm/ noun [uncount] the belief that money and possessions are the most important aspects

of human existence: sự quá thiên về vật chất, chủ nghĩa vật chất

54 evolve / ‘IvOlv/ verb [intransitive] to gradually change and develop over a period of time: tiến triển, phát triển

evolve into: They’re hoping the trade talks might evolve into a political dialogue.

evolution noun [uncount] the way in which something gradually changes and develops: sự tiến triển

evolution of: the evolution of language

evolutionary (adj)

55 philosophy /fI‘lOsCfI/ [noun, uncount] the study of theories about the meaning of things such as life, knowledge, and beliefs: triết học

He studied politics and philosophy

56 humor /‘hju:mC/ noun [uncount] the quality that makes something funny: tính chất vui nhộn, buồn cười

a novel full of humor

humorous (adj) funny: vui nhộn

humorously (adv)

57 sole /sCUl/ adjective [only before noun] the sole person or thing is the only one of a particular type: ONLY: duy nhất

She is the sole survivor of the crash

58 corporation /kc:pC’reISn/ noun [count] a large company or business organization: tập đòan

American tobacco corporations

59 contribute /kOntrI’bjUSn/ verb [intransitive or transitive] to give money, goods, or your time and effort in order to achieve something, especially when other people are also helping: đóng góp

contribute to: Many local businesses offered to contribute to the school rebuilding fund.

contribution noun [count] something that you do that helps to achieve something or to make it successful: đóng

góp

contribution to: her major contribution to the peace process

make a contribution: Community police have made a very positive contribution to crime prevention.

contributor noun [count] someone who gives money, goods, or their time or effort in order to help to achieve

something: người đóng góp

contributor to: a major contributor to the campaign

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60 bother /’brVDC/ verb [transitive] to annoy someone by interrupting them when they are busy or want to be left alone: làm phiền, làm lo lắng

I called your office because I didn’t want to bother you at home

bother noun MAINLY BRITISH [uncount] trouble or difficulty caused by doing something when this is annoying but

not very serious: INCONVENIENCE: sự phiền phức, bất tiện

It will be an awful lot of bother going by bus

61 think up /TINk Vp/phrasal verb [transitive] to invent or imagine something, especially an excuse: nghĩ ra, sáng tạo

She’d have to think up a good reason for being late

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