Agricultural innovation systems in vietn

Agricultural Innovation Systems in Vietnam’s Northern Mountainous Region Six decades shift from a supply-driven to a diversification-oriented system Thai Thi Minh Preface of the Editors The Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam has seen rapid change in its recent history – from French and Japanese occupation to the last “Vietnam War”, through communism and collectivised agriculture and the following transition process up to world market integration nowadays Thai Thi Minh tackles and masters the huge task of writing a comprehensive history of land use innovations in this vast region, populated by a mixture of the ethnic majority group, the Kinh as recent migrants, and a larger number of ethnic minority groups with distinct cultures As the agricultural knowledge and innovation system changed over time, its evolution is also part of her analysis To be able to understand and analyse these complex and dynamic processes, she combines a theoretical framework with empirical studies in mainly one commune of Son La Province, and does action research with two ethnic farmer groups, Black Thai and Hmong, using a participatory group extension approach To gain an overview across the whole region she performs an extensive literature review and analyses all relevant political and governmental documents from national, provincial and district down to communal level By these means, she offers a convincing description and analysis of the evolution of the agricultural innovation system, illustrated by many examples and short case descriptions What impresses most is the rigorous systemic and systematic approach, that enables her to work out the main lines of development and the force field (others might say the drivers) determining them With this study she provides a reference framework for many of the more detailed investigations conducted in the course of 10 years of research at the University of Hohenheim within the Uplands Program, SFB 564 “Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia” financed by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), and carried out jointly in bilateral research co-operation, having a second component in Thailand The clear analysis by Thai Thi Minh also makes it easier to understand the different course of history in Northern Thailand, where similar ethnic minorities live in a similar natural environment, but under the circumstances arising from very different historical, political and economic developments In recent years, adoption and diffusion research has placed a firmer emphasis on innovation systems as the unit of analysis Thai Thi Minh has contributed strongly to the further development of the analytical frameworks useful in this perspective, and gives an impressive example of how this perspective can generate fruitful results – for policy advice on national level, for organisational development on all levels and, finally, for improvements of the approaches and methods of development work on field level, by co-operating with farmers We are pleased to offer our readers this book in our series, and we hope that it might have an impact on the improvement of small farmers’ livelihoods, in Vietnam and elsewhere For the editors, Volker Hoffmann Acknowledgements The present study could only be accomplished with the assistance of many individuals and institutions that provided support and made contributions to my work in Vietnam and Germany I would like to express my deep gratitude and profound appreciation to my supervisors - Professor Dr Volker Hoffmann and Dr Andreas Neef - for their wholehearted guidance, valuable suggestions and advice, constant enthusiasm and moral support throughout this study I have greatly appreciated the constructive comments of the reviewer - Professor Dr Thomas Berger - and the examiner Professor Dr Manfred Zeller; the quality of the thesis has benefited from their comments I am grateful to my field assistants Mr Do Van Hung and Mr Me Van Dung for their great assistance during field work Special thanks go to Mr Me Van Dung’s family in Muong Lum for their enthusiasm, hospitality and openness to accept me as a member in their happy family Without their kindness and great support, it would have been difficult to conduct this research in Muong Lum I also wish to express my gratitude to the residents of Yen Chau, especially farmers in Muong Lum commune and all respondents from Vietnamese and German research institutions In addition, I owe a great debt of thanks to Iven Schad, Matthias Richter, Melvin Lippe, Dr Gerhard Clemens, Dr Nguyen The Dang, Nguyen Thị Nam Hong, Vu Thi Khanh Van, Vu Duong Quynh, Le Thi Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Van Hau, Pham Van Nghia, Chalathon Choocharoen, Thea Nielsen, Cathrine Dolleris and Dr Carl Erik Schou Larsen I fully appreciate the support of the working team in the Department of Agricultural Communication and Extension (430a), Institute of Social Sciences in Agriculture My working time in Hohenheim would not have been so effective and joyful without their understanding, sympathy and assistance I would like to thank the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG) for the financial support provided through its Uplands Program (SFB 564) to carry out this study Finally, I wish to express my deepest gratitude and love to my family for their moral and active support, deep love, sympathies, sacrifice and tolerance for my being away from home, which generated my endeavour and determination to complete this study Thai Thi Minh, Stuttgart, December 2009 Table of contents Preface of the Editors Acknowledgements Introduction 11 1.1 Problem statement and research questions 13 1.2 The study context 14 1.3 The study structure 15 PART I .18 Theoretical concept and methodology 18 Theoretical background 19 2.1 Chapter introduction 19 2.2 Innovation concept 19 2.2.1 Definitions of innovation 19 2.2.2 Perceived attributes of an innovation 19 2.2.3 Types of innovation 20 2.2.4 Innovation processes 22 2.3 Diffusion concept 23 2.3.1 Definitions of diffusion 23 2.3.2 Characteristics of innovation diffusion 23 2.3.3 Process of diffusion 24 2.3.4 Diffusion of innovation – the Hohenheim concept 25 2.4 Adoption concept 27 2.4.1 Definitions of adoption 27 2.4.2 Adopters 28 2.4.3 Types of innovation adoption decision 28 2.4.4 Process of adoption 29 2.4.5 Rate of innovation adoption and its determinants 29 2.5 Innovation systems concept 32 2.5.1 General definitions of innovation systems 32 2.5.2 Structure of an innovation system 33 2.5.3 The evolution of the agricultural innovation systems concept 37 2.5.4 Functions and performances of an innovation system 38 2.5.5 Innovation system analysis scheme 42 2.6 Participatory approaches to innovation generation 42 2.6.1 Participatory approaches in a broad context 42 2.6.2 Participatory approaches in agricultural research 43 2.6.3 Participatory approaches in agricultural extension 44 2.7 Theoretical framework for this study 45 2.8 Chapter summary 47 Methodology 49 3.1 Chapter introduction 49 3.2 Research approach and framework 49 3.2.1 An integrated systematic qualitative research approach 49 3.2.2 Research framework – A systematic process 51 3.3 Research site – Moving from the broader to the more focused area 52 3.4 Data collection and analysis 56 3.4.1 Secondary data – The synthesis of different viewpoints 56 3.4.2 Primary data – Spinning the “spider’s web” 58 3.4.3 Data analysis, reliability and validation 66 3.5 Chapter summary 68 PART II 70 Overview of the region and policy measures 70 Natural and socio-economic background of the NMR 71 4.1 Chapter introduction 71 4.2 Geography and climate 71 4.3 Population and ethnic minorities 72 4.4 Economics and poverty 74 4.5 Agriculture, land use and farming system 76 4.6 Constraints 80 4.6.1 Physical constraints 80 4.6.2 Social constraints 80 4.6.3 Economic and intellectual constraints 81 4.7 Chapter summary 81 Rural development policies and their varying impacts on the NMR 83 5.1 Chapter introduction 83 5.2 The implementation of rural development policies 83 5.2.1 Cooperative and sedentarisation policies – a shift in social and institutional organisation 84 5.2.2 The agricultural reform policies – a transition to free-market 5.2.3 Forest and forest conservation policies – a new trajectory of resource governance 87 agriculture 85 5.2.4 Rural development and poverty reduction policies 89 5.3 Differential impacts of policy enforcement on the NMR 93 5.3.1 Achievements of policy enforcement in the regional socio-economic context 93 5.3.2 Adverse effects of rural policies 96 5.4 The political philosophy and the initial transformation in the policy approach 100 5.4.1 The political history and philosophy – “everyday politics” 100 5.4.2 From policy decision to implementation in the NMR 102 5.4.3 Recognition of shortcomings and the beginnings of change 104 5.4.4 The recent transformation in the Government’s policy approach and the need for more far-reaching change 105 5.5 Chapter summary .106 PART III 108 Innovation generation and transfer 108 Agricultural institutional and technical innovations in the NMR 109 6.1 Chapter introduction 109 6.2 Institutional innovations – from collective to individuamanagement 109 6.2.1 Historical overview of social and agricultural institutional arrangements 109 6.2.2 Agricultural institutional changes at the organisational level 117 6.2.3 Agricultural institutional innovations at the farmer level 120 6.3 Innovations in crop production 124 6.4 Innovations in animal husbandry 134 6.5 Innovations in aquaculture 140 6.6 Innovations in forest production 143 6.7 Assessment of perceived attributes of agricultural technical innovations introduced to the NMR 148 6.8 Interconnections between institutional and technical sets of innovations 151 6.9 Chapter summary 153 Public research and extension system as a major actor in innovation generation and transfer 155 7.1 Chapter introduction 155 7.2 Overview of agricultural innovation generation and transfer system 155 7.3 Public agricultural research and education system (PARES) 158 7.3.1 Brief history of the organisational development of PARES 158 7.3.2 Dominant research approaches 166 7.3.3 Research types and knowledge generation principles 168 7.4 Agricultural knowledge transfer system 169 7.4.1 System structure 169 7.4.2 Target groups 174 7.4.3 Dichotomic approaches used 175 7.4.4 Pluralistic operation inside the system 179 7.5 Knowledge generation and transfer network in the NMR 182 7.6 Chapter summary 185 PART IV 187 Innovation diffusion and adoption 187 Diffusion networks and channels in different ethnic communities 188 8.1 Chapter introduction 188 8.2 Innovation diffusion network in the different ethnic minority groups 188 8.2.1 Diffusion network in the Black Thai communities 189 8.2.2 Diffusion network in the H’mong communities .190 8.2.3 Differences between the two networks 192 8.2.4 Linkages between the two networks .194 8.3 Interaction of different diffusion channels at community level .195 8.4 Domination of a J-shaped curve in innovation diffusion in local communities .199 8.5 Chapter summary .201 Farmers’ motivation in adopting agricultural technical innovations202 9.1 Chapter introduction 202 9.2 Classification of technical innovations by type based on the purpose of use 202 9.3 Farmers’ motivation for innovation adoption 204 9.3.1 Adoption for political and social rewards .205 9.3.2 Adoption for local consumption .209 9.3.3 Adoption for cash income .213 9.3.4 Adoption for a sustainable environment 217 9.4 Correlation between different types of adoption and Government’s and farmers’ interests 218 9.5 Chapter summary .221 PART V 222 Agricultural innovation systems 222 10 Development of the agricultural innovation system in the NMR and its future prospects 223 10.1 Chapter introduction 223 10.2 Development of an agricultural innovation system in the NMR – is it in a formative or a growth stage? 223 10.2.1 The system’s rudimentary structure – an on-going process of setting up 224 10.2.2 The system’s functionality – a large number of activities in terms of policy instruments, network development and knowledge-based functions 227 10.2.3 System coordination – weak performance of intermediary agencies and a lack of articulated demand for knowledge 229 10.2.4 The system’s competitiveness – high uncertainty regarding knowledge, adoption and market 231 10.2.5 The system’s performance – low rates of diffusion and growth 231 10.3 Shifting towards a diversification-oriented AIS in order to move to the growth stage 232 10.3.1 Structural changes – dynamic transformation in institutions 233 10.3.2 Functional changes – the impact of the expanded function of the value chain 234 10.4 Intervention framework for improving the AIS 235 10.4.1 Inducement and blocking mechanisms affecting the AIS’s functionality 235 10.4.2 Function-oriented intervention framework 238 10.5 Farmer research and extension network – an immediate intervention for improving the AIS at the grassroots 241 10.6 Chapter summary 244 11 Conclusion 245 11.1 The bumpy road towards policy changes: A challenge to agricultural development in the NMR 245 11.2 Innovation generation and transfer: Domination of the governmental sector versus the weaker position of the non-governmental sector 246 11.3 New innovations: Their fate depends on their ability to fit with farmers’ aims and personal attributes 247 11.4 Dynamics of the diffusion and adoption of innovations to satisfy farmers’ food security and cash requirements 248 11.5 Agricultural innovation system in the NMR – possible interventions for a shift to a diversification-oriented system 250 12 Summaries 253 12.1 Summary 253 12.2 Zusammenfassung 256 13 References 260 14 Annex 274 14.1 List of interviews with researchers 274 14.2 List of interviews with agricultural extensionists and veterinary staff 275 14.3 List of interviews 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(2002): “Doi moi” in the mountains: Land use changes and farmers’ livelihood strategies in Bac Kan Province, Vietnam Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam, pp 249-275 14 Annex 14.1 List of interviews with researchers Code Participant Organisation Location Topic Interview date IR1 MSc Vu Thanh Hai - Lecturer Department of Horticulture, HUA Gia lam, Hanoi Introduction of winter crop to Yen Chau 25/09/2007 IR2 Dr Pham Thi Huong - Lecturer Department of Horticulture, HUA Gia lam, Hanoi Introduction of Horticultural innovations to Yen Chau 25/09/2007 IR3 Dr Nguyen Van Vien – Vice Director Department of Plant Pathology, HUA Gia lam, Hanoi ICM FFS rice and maize in Yen Chau 25/09/2007 IR4 MSc Trinh Thi Mai Dung Department of Horticulture, HUA Gia lam, Hanoi Introduction of Horticultural innovations to Yen Chau 03/10/2007 IR5 Dr Hung – Director and Dr Khanh – expert DST, MARD MARD, Hanoi Agricultural research and extension in Vietnam 05/11/2007 IR6 Dr Bui Huy Hien – Director; Dr Tran Duc Toan - Vice Director; Dr Pham Quang Ha; and Dr Didier Orange - IWMI/MSEC NISF Tu Liem, Hanoi Soil research in the NMR 05/11/2007 IR7 Dr Vuong Xuan Tinh - Deputy Director Institute of Anthropology Hanoi Anthropology research in the NMR 06/11/2007 IR8 Dr Le Quoc Doanh - General Director NOMAFSI Hanoi Agricultural research in the NMR 06/11/2007 Hanoi Xuan Mai, Hanoi Research and extension policies 06/11/2007 Forestry research in the NMR 07/11/2007 IR9 Dr Dang kim Son - Director IPSARD IR10 Dr Tran Huu Vien - Rector; Dr Pham Xuan Hoan – Vice rector; Dr Vuong Van Quynh Vietnam Forestry University IR11 MSc Nguyen Tu Hai -Vice director NOMAFSI’s Centre in the Northwest Chieng Ban, Mai Son, Ongoing research in the centre 19/11/2007 IR12 MSc Luu Duc Khai General Institute for Economic Management Yen Chau Communal institutional arrangements 11/12/2007 IR13 Melvin Lippe - PhD candidate C4.1 - SFB 564 Chieng Khoi Participatory research for joint research on modelling land use history 08/01/2008 IR14 Iven Schard - PhD candidate A1.3 - SFB 564 Hohenheim Research methods 15/03/2008 IR15 Melvin Lippe - PhD candidate C4.1 - SFB 564 Hohenheim Joint work on land use history and modelling between C4.1 and A1.3 29/03/2008 IR16 A group of junior researchers and their assistants SFB 564 Office in Yen Chau Various issues related to conducting researcher in Yen Chau 7/08/2008 IR17 Melvin Lippe - PhD candidate C4.1 - FSB 564 Upland office in Yen Chau Join writing on land use history and modelling between C4.1 and A1.3 08/08/2008 IR18 Dr Le Quoc Doanh - Director NOMAFSI Phu Tho town Research on agriculture in the NMR 19/08/2008 IR19 MSc Ha Dinh Tuan Vice-director NOMAFSI Phu Tho town 19/08/2008 IR20 Iven Schard - PhD candidate A1.3 - SFB 564 Yen Chau Research on green-crop fodder for ruminants Conducting research in Yen Chau 12/09/2008 14.2 List of interviews with agricultural extensionists and veterinary staff Code Participant Organisation Location Topic Interview date IE1 Mrs Dao - extensionist AES in Yen Chau Chieng Pan Innovations introduced to Chieng Pan 28/09/2007 IE2 Mr Trinh - extensionist AES in Yen Chau Chieng Khoi Introduction of unisexual tilapia to a Black Thai villages in Chieng Khoi 30/09/2007 IE3 Ms Bien - extensionist AES in Yen Chau Yen Chau Town Extension work in Yen Chau 28/09/2007 IE4 Mr Me Van Dung - extensionist AES in Yen Chau Yen Chau Town Extension activities in Muong Lum 10/01/2008 IE5 Ms Nguyen Thanh Huyen - officer NAEC Hanoi Crop extension programme in the NMR 07/07/2008 IE6 Mr Nguyen Minh Linh, officer 08/07/2008 Mr Me Van Dung - extensionist Hanoi Muong Lum Livestock extension programme in the NMR IE7 NAEC AES in Yen Chau 29/08/2008 IE8 Mr Me Van Dung - extensionist AES in Yen Chau Muong Lum Function and operation of the extensionist Socio-economic development in Muong Lum IE9 Mr Giong - animal health worker On Oc, Muong Lum Muong Lum Annual vaccination in Oc Oc, Muong Lum 10/10/2008 IE10 Mr Lo Ken - extensionist AES in Son La Son La 27/10/2008 IE11 Mr Kieu - animal health worker Animal health Station Muong Lum Cage and floating fish raising systems Annual vaccination in Muong Lum and the mandate of communal animal health workers 30/09/2008 5/11/2008 14.3 List of interviews with local authorities Code Participant Location Topic Interview date IA1 Mr Keo - village headman Respondent’s house in Put village, Chieng Khoi The village’s administrative management 14/01/2008 IA2 Communal meeting hall in Muong Lum The apparatus of communal government 28/08/2008 IA3 Mr Tien - Chairman Five authorities from Muong Lum Communal People’s Committee Communal meeting hall in Muong Lum Assessment of attributes of agricultural institutional innovations 14/02/2009 IA4 Mrs Nguyen Thi An Agriculture and Rural Development Unit – People’s Committee in Yen Chau District’s agricultural development plan in 2009 03/03/2009 14.4 List of interviews with staff of NGOs and international organisations’ projects Code Participant Location Topic Interview date ISDP1 Dr Daniel Wahby - Rural Development Project in Dak Lak Danish Embassy in Hanoi Village development plans 06/11/2007 ISDP2 Mr Rolf Samuelsson - First Secretary; Tran Nam Binh and Tran Le Tra, Program Officer Swedish International Development Agency Development cooperation - Chia Se Programme in Swedish Embassy in Hanoi Lessons learned from Chia Se Programme in the central part of Vietnam 08/11/ 2007 ISDP3 Mr Pham Vu Tien (BSc.) – Vice head Yen Chau AES Activities of post-harvest component – ASPS - Danida in Yen Chau 06/02/2009 ISDP4 Mr Luong Manh Nhung - Head Yen Chau Plant Protection Station Activities of FAO, SNV and GTZ in Yen Chau and Son La District 03/03/2009 ISDP5 Mr Vi Van Phui Extension worker in Phieng Hoi communal group, Yen Chau Extension Station Activities of post-harvest component – ASPS - Danida in Yen Chau 03/03/2009 14.5 List of interviews with people in the private agricultural business sector Code Participant Location Topic Interview date IPBS1 Mr Phung Van Binh – marketing Manager - Biomin Feed Company The company’s representative office, Hanoi Research in a private animal feed company and in the maize market 26/2/2009 IPBS2 Mr Luong Nga - Research manager – The company’s representative office, Hanoi Research and production in a seed 26/02/2009 Holland Seed Production Company company 14.6 List of interviews with local traders and input and service providers Code Participant Location Topic Interview date ITP1 Pham Huong Giang, teacher & local trader On Oc village, Muong Lum Doing business in upland villages 19/12/2008 ITP2 Do Danh Hao – local trader Dao village, Muong Lum Doing business in upland villages 21/12/2008 ITP3 Tran Van Tien, primary teacher & local trader Centre of Muong Lum Doing business in upland villages 22/12/2008 14.7 List of interviews with individual farmers in Son La and other provinces Code Participant Location Topic Interview date IF1 Female Black Thai Farmer Orchard in Chieng Pan, Yen Chau Innovations in mango cultivation 28/09/2007 IF2 Mr Ngan – Kinh village headman Chieng Pan, Yen Chau Innovations in crop production 28/09/2007 IF3 Mr Phu – Kinh farmer Chieng Sang, Yen Chau Innovations in pig production 29/09/2007 IF4 Mr & Mrs Peng – Black Thai Interviewee’s house in Co village, Son La city Innovations in pigs and mechanics 30/09/2007 IF5 Mr Ha Van Khanh – Kinh farmer Interviewee’s house in Chieng Sinh, Son La Innovations in pig production 30/09/2007 IF6 Mr Pham Van De – Kinh farmer Chieng Pan, Yen Chau Innovations in cover crop 13/10/2007 IF7 Mr Nguyen - Kinh farmer Chieng Pan, Yen Chau Innovations in cover crop 13/10/2007 IF8 Mr Vu Lao Pha - H’mong farmer Khau Khoang village, Muong Lum Household farming system 14/10/2007 IF9 Mr Vu Lao Cau - H’mong farmer Farm in Khau Khoang, Muong Lum Household farming system 14/10/2007 IF10 Female Black Thai farmer Farmer house in Coc Lac, Tu Nang Farming system and daily life 16/10/2007 IF11 Mr Vu Lao Cau - H’mong farmer Khau Khoang village, Muong Lum Follow up to the IF9 interview 18/10/2007 IF12 Male Black Thai farmer Coc Lac village, Tu Nang Mango innovations and adoption 18/11/2007 IF13 Male Black Thai farmer Ot Luong village, Chieng Co, Son La town Innovations in pig production 19/11/2007 IF14 Female Black Thai farmers Na Bang village, Muong Lum Innovations in agriculture 20/11/2007 IF15 Put village, Chieng Khoi Innovations in rice cultivation 21/11/2007 IF16 Mr Keo – village headman Male Black Thai farmers Ban Kha village, Sap Vat Lake manager – male Black Thai Chieng Khoi lake, Yen Chau Innovations in cover crops and fruits Management in Chieng Khoi Lake 21/11/2007 IF17 IF18 Mr Keo – village headman Put village, Chieng Khoi Cassava cultivation in Put village 14/01/2008 13/01/2008 IF19 Mr Ha Van Pheng – Black Thai farmer Na Lang village, Muong Lum IF20 Mr Ha Van Nhot – Black Thai farmer Na Lang, Muong Lum Household farming system 22/01/2008 IF21 Mr Ha Tri – Black Thai farmer Na Lang village, Muong Lum Household farming system 23/01/2008 IF22 Mr Ha Van Cau - Black Thai farmer Na Hat village, Muong Lum Household farming system 19/02/2008 IF23 Mr Ha Van Ua - Black Thai farmer Na Hat village, Muong Lum Household farming system 20/02/2008 IF24 Mr Ha Van Thinh- Black Thai farmer Lum village, Muong Lum Household farming system 13/03/2008 IF25 Mr Hoang Hong - Black Thai farmer Lum village, Muong Lum Household farming system 14/03/2008 IF26 Mr Mua A Chia – H’mong farmer Dao village, Muong Lum Household farming system 19/03/2008 IF27 Mr Song Van Long - H’mong farmer Dao village, Muong Lum Household farming system 20/03/2008 IF28 Mr Mua A Sang - H’mong farmer Dao village, Muong Lum Household farming system 21/03/2008 IF29 Mr Vu Lao Di - H’mong farmer Khau Khoang village, Muong Lum Household farming system 14/04/2008 IF30 Mr Vu Lao Long - H’mong farmer Khau Khoang village, Muong Lum Household farming system 15/04/2008 Household farming system 21/01/2008 IF31 Mr Phu – Kinh farmer Chieng Sang village, Yen Chau Market-oriented pig production 06/08/2008 IF32 Mr Vang A De – H’mong farmer Khau Khoang village, Muong Lum Innovations in agriculture 27/08/2008 IF33 Mr Vu Lao Cau - H’mong farmer Khau Khoang village, Muong Lum Innovations in agriculture 27/08/2008 IF34 Mr Vu Lao Su - H’mong farmer Khau Khoang village, Muong Lum Innovations in agriculture 27/08/2008 IF35 Mr Vu Lao Co - H’mong farmer Khau Khoang village, Muong Lum Innovations in agriculture 27/08/2008 IF36 Mr Bui Van Sang – Muong farmer Phu Thuong, Lac Thuy District, Hoa Binh Cage and floating fish raising 07/12/2008 14.8 List of farmer group discussions Code Participant Location Discussion topic Interview date GD1 key persons (Black Thai) Put village, Chieng Khoi Village land use history and soil fertility 09/01/2008 GD2 12 key farmers (Black Thai) Put village, Chieng Khoi Land use system and problems 11/01/2008 GD3 Upland farmers (Black Thai) Put village, Chieng Khoi Input-output in upland fields 12/01/2008 GD4 male farmers (H’mong) Khau khoang village, Muong Lum Soil and forest management 12/08/2008 GD5 male farmers (H’mong) Dao village, Muong Lum Agricultural innovations and diffusion 28/08/2008 GD6 male farmers (Black Thai) Na Hat village, Muong Lum Agricultural innovations and diffusion 29/08/2008 GD7 male, female Black Thai farmers Lum village, Muong Lum Timeline of agricultural innovations 09/09/2008 GD8 male, female Black Thai farmers Luong village, Muong Lum GD9 male farmers (H’mong) On Oc village, Muong Lum Innovations in rice cultivation 11/09/2008 GD10 male farmers (H’mong) Pa Khon village, Muong Lum Maize-rice, cattle-goat input-output flow 11/09/2008 GD11 male, female Black Thai farmers Na Bang village, Muong Lum Timeline of maize and rice innovations 13/09/2008 GD12 male, female Black Thai farmers Na Lang village, Muong Lum Timeline of maize and rice innovations 14/09/2008 GD 13 38 male and female Black Thai and H’mong farmers Communal training hall in Muong Lum Assessment of common attributes of agricultural technical innovations 13/02/1009 Maize and rice input/output flow 10/09/2008 14.9 List of training for farmers in the action research programme Code Participant Location Topic Date conducted TF-AR1 36 Black Thai and H’mong farmers Communal training hall in Muong Lum Maize and rice post-harvest preservation and market information for maize 30/09/2008 TF-AR2 39 Black Thai and H’mong farmers Making micro-fertilizer and caring for ruminants in cold weather 11/05/2008 TF-AR3 29 Black Thai and H’mong farmers Communal training hall in Muong Lum and in the practice field Communal training hall in Muong Lum Sowing rice seeds using the tunnel method 18/12/2008 TF-AR4 38 Black Thai and H’mong farmers Communal training hall in Muong Lum Maize cultivation techniques 13/01/2009 TF-AR5 30 Black Thai and H’mong Farmers Cultural house in Luong village, Muong Lum Caring for spring-summer rice crop 13/02/2009 TF-AR6 40 Black Thai and H’mong Farmers Communal training hall in Muong Lum Pig feeds and feeding management 05/03/2009 TF-AR7 32 Black Thai and H’mong Farmers Communal training hall in Muong Lum IPM use of pesticides and herbicides 05/04/2009 14.10 List of participant observation in the Farmer Field Schools Code Participant Location Topic Date conducted FPO1 40 Black Thai and Kinh farmers Communal training hall in Vieng Lang Training on winter crops 31/09/2007 FPO2 25 Black Thai farmers in Vieng Lang Farmer’s house in Vieng Lang ICM rice 13/10/2007 FPO3 25 Black Thai and Kinh farmers Communal training hall in Chieng Pan ICM Maize 21/10/2007 14.11 List of feedback workshops Code Participant Location Topic Date conducted FW1 35 Black Thai farmers in Put village, Chieng Khoi 30 Black Thai farmers in Me village, Chieng Khoi Village headman’s house Land use system in Put village (C1.3) 15/01/2008 Village cultural hall Household agricultural production 20/12/2008 FW2 14.12 Standard report for field data documentation General information • • • • • • Author: Last updated/by: Time in the field: Village: Commune: Language(s): Primary document type; related documentation Description of the field work context • Context of communication: location, use of space, purpose, topic • Participants: researcher(s), local assistant, respondent(s), gender of respondent(s), age of respondent(s); position of respondent(s) • Method used: Main content • • • • Transcription from audio recording: Short report based on audio recording: Short report based on field notes: Other text: Related raw data sources: pictures, audio recording, field notes, others 281 The author: Thai Thi Minh, born in 1973, graduated in Agronomy at Hanoi University of Agriculture in Vietnam in 1995 In 2004 she participated in a post-graduate training programme at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Thailand, gaining an MSc degree in Agricultural Systems in 2005 Between 1995 and 2007 she was involved in various international agricultural research and development programmes in Vietnam, Lao and Thailand In 2007 she joined the Department of Agricultural Communication and Extension at the University of Hohenheim to collaborate in a research project on “Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia” She completed her PhD in 2009 About this book: The book gives a comprehensive picture of the development history of the agricultural innovation system (AIS) in Vietnam’s Northern Mountainous Region during the last six decades It provides a critical assessment of the dynamic development of the system in the context of turbulent political changes and diversification of natural, physical and socioeconomic conditions in the region Using a systemic approach, six sub-systems in the AIS – regional context, policy measures, innovations, innovation generation and transfer, diffusion networks & channels, adopters/farmers and adoption – are described qualitatively and analysed critically The holistic analysis of sector development throughout the recent history of the AIS is presented in depth and perspectives for its further development and improvement are identified The book offers a wealth of facts and insights to readers, especially to those working on innovation systems and rural development in Vietnam 282