UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN TROPICAL URBAN AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN TROPICAL URBAN AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT TRINH DIEU HUONG (M.Sc, TuDelft) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted to any degree in any university previously. Trinh Dieu Huong 19th August 2014 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is a result of four years of research work since I was admitted into the PhD program in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the National University of Singapore. Throughout this journey, I have worked with a great number of people whose contributions in the research deserved special mention. In the first place, I would like to show my utmost gratitude to Dr. Ting Fong May Chui for her supervision, advice, guidance, and above all, for her patience from the very early stage of this research. She triggered all my excitements and guided me in the right direction of the research. I truly thank her for believing in me. Her encouragements lead me to the more achievement than I could imagine. I would also like express my deep gratitude to Emeritus Professor Cheong Hin Fatt for all the valuable suggestions that shaping up my research. His supports during the transition of supervisor help me stay on track. Without his help, my dissertation could never be completed. Thank you very much, sir. My special thanks to my group member, Dr. Palanisamy Bakkiyalakshmi, Mr. Ali Meshgi, Mr Ly Duy Khiem, for their advice and their willingness to share their bright thoughts and the difficult time during field work. It was great to work with them. I gratefully thank my friend in NUS, Ms Sally Teh for all the enjoyable lunch time, Mr. Zhang Xiaofeng for helping me with the field work and teaching me mandarin. Special thanks Ms. Serene Tay, who introduced the PhD program in NUS to me, who was always a great help whenever I need. To me, you are my class mate, my best friend and my sister. I would also like to thank all my PhD fellows, Xiangbo, Jiexin, Kittikun, Harif, Han Ting, Abraham, Zhu Lei, Nguyen Thi Qui. You all made my life in NUS more memorable. ii Last but not least, I would like to express my thanks to my family. Thank my beloved parents for their love, encouragement and caring from my home town throughout my PhD. My loving and caring husband, Justin Yeoh, gave me not only emotional support but also valuable comments and suggestions in statistic and optimization. My lovely daughter, Sabrina Yeoh, is my main source of energy and happiness. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iv Summary . ix List of Tables .xii List of Figures xiii List of Abbreviations . xv Chapter 1. 1.1. Introduction Problem Overview . 1.1.1 Interaction of vegetation and hydrological system 1.1.2 Managing hydrology – vegetation interactions for sustainability of urbanization . 13 1.1.3 Catchment – scale hydrological model and additional tools . 15 1.2 Research Objectives 18 1.3 Thesis Overview 21 Chapter 2. An empirical method for approximating canopy throughfall 23 2.1 Abstract . 23 2.2 Introduction . 24 2.3 Methodology . 25 2.3.1 Overview 25 2.3.2 Mass balance model (MBM) . 26 2.3.3 Potential Evapotranspiration / Actual Evaporation 28 2.3.4 Choice of Variables in Empirical Equations 30 2.3.5 Regression analysis 30 2.3.6 Data Availability and Usage 31 2.3.7 Local and Global Equations . 32 iv 2.4 Results and Discussions 32 2.4.1 Fluxes of Mass Balance Model 32 2.4.2 Local Equations . 33 2.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Local equations . 34 2.4.4 Verification of Local equations . 37 2.4.5 Global Equation . 40 2.5 Discussions 42 2.6 Conclusions . 42 Chapter 3. Performance of green roof for stormwater management in tropical regions . 44 3.1 Abstract . 44 3.2 Introduction . 45 3.3 Methodology . 47 3.3.1 One-dimensional green roof model . 48 3.3.2 Model calibration and validation . 51 3.3.3 Green roof characteristics 51 3.3.4 Singapore rainfall analysis . 53 3.3.5 Simulation plan 54 3.4 Results . 55 3.4.1 Model calibration and validation . 55 3.4.2 Event analysis 56 3.4.3 Average performance . 61 3.5 Discussion . 64 3.6 Summary and Conclusion . 67 v Chapter 4. Assessing the hydrologic restoration of an urbanized area via integrated distributed hydrological model . 71 4.1 Abstract . 71 4.2 Introduction . 71 4.3 Methodology . 74 4.3.1 The Integrated Distributed Hydrological Model 74 4.3.2 Green roofs and bio-retention systems – conceptual understanding and model implementation . 75 4.3.3 4.4 Marina-like Catchment – A Case Study in Singapore . 77 Results . 86 4.4.1 Impacts on overall water balance . 86 4.4.2 Impacts on eminent water resources issues . 88 4.4.3 Model sensitivity analysis 94 4.5 Discussion . 96 4.6 Summary and conclusions . 96 Chapter 5. Optimizing bio-retention locations for stormwater management using genetic algorithm 100 5.1 Abstract . 100 5.2 Introduction . 101 5.3 Methodology . 103 5.3.1 Fundamental criteria in implementing bio-retention system . 104 5.3.2 Optimization model . 105 5.4 Results and discussion . 112 5.4.1 Integrated distributed hydrological model calibration . 112 5.4.2 Optimization model performance 114 5.4.3 Influences of bio-retention location on outlet peak discharge . 115 5.4.4 Influences of bio-retention location on groundwater . 119 5.4.5 Study implications and limitations . 121 vi 5.5 Summary and conclusions . 122 Chapter 6. Conclusions 125 6.1 Contributions . 125 6.2 Limitations 128 6.3 Possible Areas for Future Research 129 Appendices . 132 A Hydrological model selection 132 B Equations in Mike SHE hydrological modelling system . 140 B.1 Interception/Evapotranspiration 140 B.2 Infiltration 142 B.3 Overland flow 142 B.4 Channel flow: one-dimensional Saint-Venant equation 143 B.5 Unsaturated zone . 143 B.6 Saturated zone . 144 B.7 Coupling unsaturated zone and saturated zone . 144 C Genetic algorithm in water resource planning and management . 146 C.1 Evolutionary computation and genetic algorithm . 146 C.2 Genetic algorithm operator 146 C.3 Single-objective and multiple objective optimizations . 149 References 150 Chapter 150 Chapter 155 Chapter 157 Chapter 160 vii Chapter 164 Chapter 166 Appendices . 166 viii SUMMARY The hydrologic and vegetation systems are intrinsically interrelated. Urbanization replaces vegetation with impervious surfaces, significantly influencing hydrological processes. The impacts could be even more significant in tropical areas due to frequent and high intensity storm events. Therefore, there are strong interests to better understand the hydrological processes and their interactions with vegetation to mitigate water related problems such as flooding. The interactions involve a number of complex and dynamic processes, from the plot scale to catchment scale. Computational modeling is required to evaluate the influences of urbanization and predict the effectiveness of problem mitigation. This dissertation first examines the hydrology-vegetation interactions in the plot scale. The understanding is then upscaled to formulate flooding mitigation at the catchment scale. This dissertation is divided into the following three parts: (1) Examining the influences of vegetation on hydrological processes in the plot scale The first part of this dissertation studies the relationship between vegetation and throughfall. 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CATENA 57(1): 77-90. 171 [...]... selected for this research Genetic algorithm written in Visual Basic is applied for optimization of stormwater management 1.2 Research Objectives The main objective of this dissertation is to advance the understanding of the interactions between vegetation and the hydrological systems in tropical urban areas for the sustainable water resources management To tackle this, integrated distributed hydrological. .. is water stress, s [-] is relative soil moisture content, s* [-] is maximum point, and sw [-] is wilting point The water stress defines the water uptake for the vegetation and the amount of evapotranspiration from the vegetation The water stress varies from 0 to 1 depending on the actual soil moisture condition and the minimum water required for each type of vegetation (i.e., wilting point) If the water. .. influencing hydrological processes The impacts could be even more significant in tropical areas due to frequent and high intensity storm events Therefore, there is a strong interest to better understand the hydrological processes and their interactions with vegetation to mitigate water related problems such as flooding The interactions involve a number of complex and dynamic processes, ranging in scale... impermeable areas over the entire catchment Vegetation has great influences on the hydrological system by re-directing the rainfall, controlling river discharge, and affecting infiltration rate, groundwater recharge and storage These influences might become more significant in tropical urban areas due to rapid deforestation and increase in impervious areas Rainfall characteristics are also more extreme in terms... affect the condition of vegetation dynamically Thus, vegetation and hydrological system are closely interconnected with each other Figure 1.1 shows the typical interactions between vegetation and hydrological systems Before reaching the ground, part of the precipitation is intercepted by the vegetation canopy When the canopy reaches a saturated state, water will channel down through the stem The remaining... account for vegetation factors, climatic conditions as well as soil conditions The level of details of each factor depends on the purposes of the model This is the good foundation for the understanding of the interaction between vegetation and hydrological system in which soil factors is one of the main components 12 1.1.2 Managing hydrology – vegetation interactions for sustainability of urbanization... modeling is required to evaluate the influences of urbanization and predict the effectiveness of problem mitigation This dissertation first examines the hydrology -vegetation interactions at a plot scale The understanding is then upscaled to evaluate the influences of urbanization at the catchment scale In addition, the low impact development is introduced to formulate flooding mitigation solution The. .. allowing stormwater to infiltrate into the storage areas Thus, it provides stormwater treatment and a conveying function It reduces the runoff velocity in the receiving waterways during the rainfall periods A bio-retention swale is usually located at the parks, car parks, easements, roadway corridors within the foot paths or along the canals Constructed wetland: Constructed wetland systems are shallow and. .. directly from groundwater As a result, the groundwater level declines due to vegetation extraction At the same time, lowering water table also affects vegetation condition Two typical areas with high groundwater 6 table fluctuations are riparian zones and wetlands In the riparian systems, the plants tap into water stored in river banks or into groundwater that is discharged to the rivers Some vegetations are... evapotranspiration, canopy interception thoughfall, surface runoff, vegetation root affects the infiltration rate and the soil moisture losses though the thickness of the active soil as described in Equation 1.3 Within this layer, the existence of the root changes the compaction and the porosity of the soil, affecting not only the infiltration rate and soil moisture content but also the exchange of rainwater between . UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN TROPICAL URBAN AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT TRINH DIEU HUONG (M.Sc,. significant in tropical areas due to frequent and high intensity storm events. Therefore, there are strong interests to better understand the hydrological processes and their interactions with vegetation. the influences of urbanization and predict the effectiveness of problem mitigation. This dissertation first examines the hydrology -vegetation interactions in the plot scale. The understanding