Tài liệu Constituent Structure - Part 29 ppt

... Phase-bounded Approach.’’ Syra- cuse/Cornell Workshop on the Internal Syntax of Nominalized Clauses, 25 Mar. 2006. —— (2006b). ‘‘Flat Structure, Categorial Uncertainty and Non-Verbal Predi- cation ... Society (NELS) 30: 203–17. —— and K. Vijay-Shankar (2001). ‘‘Primitive c-command.’’ Syntax 4: 164–204. —— Paul Hagstrom, and K. Vijay-Shanker (2002). ‘‘Roots Constituents and C-command.’’ In Al...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 15:16

... reference to XPs are many. For example, operations such as wh-movement all seem to target XP-level constituents. Simi- larly, head-movement and morphological operations mostly target individual ... to other parts of the grammar (such as the lexicon or licensing rules), and what remains is the X-bar schema, which directly constrains constitu- ent structure without speciWc phrase structure...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 08:15

... for that matter) is complex (29b) or not (29a), M asymmetrically c-commands R, and P asymmet- rically c-command Q, so both hq, ri and hr, qi are in d(A). Unheaded structures will necessarily result ... (2000). 8.4 Bare Phrase Structure Both Speas’s relativized phrase structure system and Kayne’s Antisym- metric system attempt to derive the properties of X-bar theory and phrase structure...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 08:15

... projection- based theories of phrase structure, but is particularly acute in BPS where there is no plausible top-to-bottom or purely representational 160 controversies However, such a constituent- centric ... in Stepanov (2001). 8.4.3 Bottom-to-top and top-to-bottom derivations Another consequence of the BPS system is the strictly upwardly cyclic nature of the phrase structure derivation....

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 08:15

... of a Xat structure. The binding facts in Jacaltec seem to indicate that the object does indeed mutually c-command the subject, as would be predicted in a Xat -structure analysis. An R-expression ... example c-command) rather than over argument structure or functional structures as in HPSG, LFG, and RRG. If one does not accept that subject–object asymmet- ries are best expressed by c-comma...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 08:15

... full interpretation) .29 Cross-linguistic variation follows from variation in timing of these operations relative to a rule of Spell-out which creates the PF (or phenogrammatical structure) of the ... in other periphras- tic aspects such as the perfective) the object precedes the non-Wnite verb and takes accusative case. In such cases, a particle homophonous with the third-person possessive...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 15:16

... Phrase Structure 154 8.4.1 The basics of BPS 155 8.4.2 Adjunction in BPS 158 8.4.3 Bottom-to-top and top-to-bottom derivations 160 8.4.3.1 Bottom-to-top derivations 161 8.4.3.2 Top-to-bottom ... c-command 55 4.2.4 M-command 58 4.2.5 Barker and Pullum (1990): A uniWed approach to command relations 60 4.3. Government 63 4.4. Concluding remarks 65 Part 2. Phrase Structure Grammars and X-ba...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 17:20

... the concatenation-as-addition and the structured-concatenation proced- ures). Instead, we need a richer hierarchical structure (such as that in (9)) to represent which words go together. This hierarchical structure must ... by the embedded clause. Japanese is a typical example: (i) Gakusei-ga sensei-ga odotta-to itta. student-nom teacher-nom danced- that said ‘‘The student said that the t...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 17:20

... R-expression, being inserted directly into the surface position of the wh-phrase, is never c-commanded by the pronoun, even at S -structure. This suggests that adjuncts are not part of the X-bar ... nature of constituent structures. Among other things, vacu- ous projections (i.e. those with no branching) are ruled out. So bare Ns (and other non-branching nodes) have a simple single-node...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 08:15

... system: Lexical-Functional Grammar Strictly speaking, Lexical-Functional Grammar does not belong in this chapter, because it posits separate constituent and relational structures (c- and f-structures); ... integral part of syntactic representation, as for example X-bar theory has done, then constituent structures need not be primitives. Constituent structures can be derived algorithmi...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 08:15