Marcro micro econmiy david begg chapter 030

... glossopharyngeal, and vagal afferents in the nose, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, and larynx Flavor is the complex interaction of taste, smell, and somatic sensation Terms relating to disorders of smell ... trigger innate and stereotyped reproductive and social behaviors, as well as neuroendocrine changes The sensation of smell begins with introduction of an odorant to...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... subjective distortion of taste and smell, which may become more severe as the disease progresses The loss of taste and smell may play an important role in the development and progression of HIV-associated ... with gliomas of the frontal lobe Occasionally, pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, suprasellar meningiomas, and aneurysms of the anterior part of the circle of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... sensation and find it necessary to hyperflavor food, usually by increasing the amount of salt in their diet Taste Compared with disorders of smell, gustatory disorders are uncommon Loss of olfactory ... spontaneous recovery often occurs Zinc and vitamin therapy (especially with vitamin A) are advocated by some Profound zinc deficiency can produce loss and distortion of the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... lateral margin and dorsum of the tongue; at the junction of the dorsum and the base of the tongue; and in the palate, epiglottis, larynx, and esophagus Figure 30-2 Taste A The taste buds of the anterior ... and vagal nerves The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve subserves taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue The posterior third of the tongue is suppl...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Gustatory Losses Renal disease Aging Stroke and other CNS respiratory tract disorders Candidiasis Trauma Drugs (antithyroid and antineoplastic) Upper Endocrine disorders infections Oral neoplasms Pemphigus ... to the oral cavity and pharynx; viral infections; endocrine disorders; neoplasms; and aging Neural gustatory losses occur with neoplasms, trauma, and surgical procedures...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... medication Hearing Hearing loss is one of the most common sensory disorders in humans and can present at any age Nearly 10% of the adult population has some hearing loss, and one-third of individuals ... nerve in the mastoid Disorders of the Sense of Taste: Treatment Treatment of gustatory disorders is limited No effective therapies exist for the sensorineural disor...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... response to particular phases of the cycle of the sound wave Intensity is encoded by the amount of neural activity in individual neurons, the number of neurons that are active, and the specific neurons ... specific neurons that are activated Genetic Causes of Hearing Loss More than half of childhood hearing impairment is thought to be hereditary; hereditary hearing impairm...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... mitochondrial disorders [mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS); myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF); progressive ... Hereditary Hearing Impairment Genes Syndrome Gene Function Alport syndrome COL4A3- Cytoskeletal protein EYA1 Developmental gene SIX1 Developmental gene KVLQT1 Delayed BOR syndrome Jervell and LangeNielsen ... Cell...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Conductive Hearing Loss This results from obstruction of the external auditory canal by cerumen, debris, and foreign bodies; swelling of the lining of the canal; atresia or neoplasms of the canal; ... bone and normal ear tissue Theories of pathogenesis include traumatic implantation and invasion, immigration and invasion through a perforation, and metaplasia following ch...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... peripheral and central auditory system pathology and is associated with sensorineural hearing impairment A finding of conductive and sensory hearing loss in combination is termed mixed hearing loss ... simply be conductive hearing loss due to rupture of the tympanic membrane or disruption of the ossicular chain These abnormalities can be surgically corrected Profound hea...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... complain of reduced hearing, poor sound localization, and difficulty hearing clearly with background noise Gradual progression of a hearing deficit is common with otosclerosis, noise-induced hearing ... canal of the elderly is often dry and fragile; it is preferable to clean cerumen with wall-mounted suction and cerumen loops and to avoid irrigation In examining the eardr...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... establishes the presence and severity of hearing impairment, unilateral vs bilateral involvement, and the type of hearing loss Conductive hearing losses with a large mass component, as is often seen in ... stimulation The presence of OAEs indicates that the outer hair cells of the organ of Corti are intact and can be used to assess auditory thresholds and to distinguis...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... nerve and brain Axial and coronal CT of the temporal bone with fine 1- mm cuts is ideal for determining the caliber of the external auditory canal, integrity of the ossicular chain, and presence of ... rehabilitated with hearing aids of varying configuration and strength Hearing aids have been improved to provide greater fidelity and have been miniaturized The current...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... use of a tinnitus masker is often followed by several hours of inhibition of the tinnitus Antidepressants have been shown to be beneficial in helping patients cope with tinnitus Hard -of- hearing ... face of the speaker is well-illuminated and easily seen Although speech should be in a loud, clear voice, one should be aware that in sensorineural hearing losses in general and i...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21