... (IFPRI), its affiliations and the World Bank to calculate poverty indices in Botswana, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Rwanda, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Honduras and Ghana for male and female- headed households ... femaleheads and variables such as age, marital status, education level, income, and occupation of the female- heads, number of children and family members, tangible and social resources available ... urban poor communities of Bangladesh and understand the constraints faced by the female heads, as well as their coping strategies Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this study...