a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 8 pps

... help of others at NCSA, Mosaic was rewritten to run on Windows-based machines and Macintoshes as well as workstations. As a product of a government-funded laboratory, Mosaic was made available free ... was a suit filed in 1 987 by Lotus against a company called Paperback Software, established by Adam Osborne of portable computer fame. Paperback was selling a spreadsheet that fu...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... commit- tee had to argue that the advantages of having a path for upward migration for 360-customers would overwhelm any advantages of a competitor’s shot at a particular model. At the highest end ... RCA, General Electric, and NCR. (AT&T also manufactured computers, but as a regulated monopoly its figures are not comparable here.) 2 With the partial exception of Control Data...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... Calculating Machine,’’ Manchester Inaugural Conference, Manchester, England (July 1951): 16– 18. Reprinted in Annals of the History of Computing 8 (April 1 986 ): 1 18 121. 18. This does add a layer ... (1 985 ): 75 89 ; also Robert Dorfman, ‘‘The Discovery of Linear Programming,’’ Annals of the History of Computing 6: 3 (1 984 ): 283 –295, and Mina Rees, ‘‘The Computi...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... information-handling machines, played. Information or ‘‘intelligence’’ has been a crucial part of all warfare, but as a means to an end. In the Cold War it became an end in itself. This was a war of code-breaking, ... Eckert and Mauchly designed and built the ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Electrical Engineering. The ENIAC was an electronic calculator...

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... carried Computing Comes of Age, 1956–1964 71 quality of ‘‘random access’’: that any piece of data was as accessible as any other, in contrast to the sequential retrieval of a datum from a deck of ... penetration of computing two decades later, in the form of automatic teller machines, bar-coded products scanned at supermarket and retail check-out stations, and massive fin...

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... the Navy ordered Grace Murray Hopper to the Computation Lab to assist Howard Aiken with programming it. Hopper had been a professor of mathematics at Vassar College and had taken leave to attend ... in chapter 7. Sorting Data Regardless of what level of programming language they used, all commercial and many scientific installations had to contend with an activity that was intimately r...

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... and economical way of using a computer. A key factor was the development of disk storage that offered rapid and direct access to large amounts of data. IBM had pioneered the use of disk storage with RAMAC ... played a crucial role by providing a market. The ‘‘advanced’’ Minuteman was a brand-new missile wrapped around an existing airframe. Autonetics, the division of North...

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... was writing BASIC for the Altair, Gates was at Harvard. He did not have access to an 80 80-based system, but he did have access to a PDP-10 at Harvard’s computing center (named after Howard Aiken). He ... from a company that made oscilloscopes. By 1970 the first of a line of dramatically cheaper and smaller calculators appeared that used integrated circuits. 28 They were about t...

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... formal and serious than those on Usenet, although they also had a wide range. After about a decade and a half of parallel operations, all three of these streams blended into a community of news, ... A few programs were announced at the same time: a ‘‘paint’’ (drawing) program, based on work done at Xerox- PARC on a Data General Nova, and a word processor that came close...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... 30 Atomic Energy of Canada, 1 28 129 AUTOCODE programming language, 113 Automatic Data Processing (ADP), 1 68 Automatic payrolls, 1 68 Automatic programming. See Compilers Automatic teller machine ... 169 NACA. See National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NAS. See National Advanced Systems NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). See also National Advisory Committee for Ae...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20