be a history of distributed computing

... That was the opinion of Howard Aiken, Harvard mathematician and builder of the Mark I calculator, expressed to Edward Cannon of the U.S National Bureau of Standards in 1948 Aiken made that remark ... ‘‘intelligence’’ has been a crucial part of all warfare, but as a means to an end In the Cold War it became an end in itself This was a war of code-breaking, spy satellites, simulations, and ‘‘war games.’’ ... one purchaser of an early computing system winced at the army of systems analysts, programmers, and software specialists that had to be hired into the company to manage a machine that was supposed...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... quality of ‘‘random access’’: that any piece of data was as accessible as any other, in contrast to the sequential retrieval of a datum from a deck of punched cards or a reel of tape The machine ... In part to satisfy federal regulators, Bell Labs made information about transistors available at a nominal cost Among the many companies that began producing transistors was Philco, an established ... editorial hand of Santo (Sandi) Lanzarotta, and especially Robert Forest after 1963, Datamation developed a perfect balance: relentless criticism of IBM for its alleged heavy hand, tempered by a passion...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... with natural language, such as rules of syntax The history of software development has often been synonymous with the history of high-level programming languages— languages that generated machine ... programming language they used, all commercial and many scientific installations had to contend with an activity that was intimately related to the nature of the hardware— The Early History of Software, ... same program (with a few minor changes) ran on a UNIVAC II and an RCA 501 Whether COBOL was well designed and capable is still a matter of debate, however Part of COBOL’s ancestry can be traced...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... Launch data were gathered at Cape Canaveral and transmitted to Greenbelt; a backup system, using a single IBM 709, was located in Bermuda, the first piece of land the rocket would pass over after ... interactive SAGE system, the TX-0 had a cathode-ray tube display and a light-pen, which allowed an operator to interact directly with a program as it was running The designer of that display was Ben ... that controlled, managed, and channeled the chaos of technical innovation into market dominance Central to smooth operations at IBM was a character from a best-seller from that era, The Organization...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... board was larger than what was standard at the time and made for a very compact package In mid-1971 the company introduced an advanced ‘‘Super Nova,’’ which incorporated still another technical ... team came up with an innovation that allowed it to regain the ground it had lost to Data General That was a redefinition of the concept of a bus, a set of wires that served all major sections of ... more advanced languages, such as Pascal, then in favor as a better teaching language This variety compensated for the fact that these students did not experience the flavor of the world of data processing...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... computer had only a couple of ports to worry about What was needed was rapid and accurate storage and retrieval of files from a floppy disk A typical file would, in fact, be stored as a set of fragments, ... the alternatives of cassette, paper tape, or any other form of tape CP/M was the final piece of the puzzle that, when made available, made personal computers a practical reality The Personal Computer, ... the spread of personal, interactive computing The other was a way to write applications software By 1977 two remarkable and influential pieces of software—Microsoft BASIC and the CP/M Operating...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... he taught students to program Data General Novas.77 Raskin had also been a visiting scholar at Stanford’s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and while there he became familiar with what was going ... was play games; admittedly not a serious application, but one that nevertheless had a healthy market The second was use VisiCalc; which was as important as any application running on a mainframe ... the Altair, the Apple II had a bus architecture with slots for expansion a feature Wozniak argued strenuously for, probably because he had seen its advantages on a Data General Nova.58 The bus architecture...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... a phrase that would figure in later trials This was a suit filed in 1987 by Lotus against a company called Paperback Software, established by Adam Osborne of portable computer fame Paperback was ... language—that is, a standard C was defined as a language that the GNU C Compiler understood And it was free Very free Stallman’s campaign to develop and spread software that is ‘‘free’’ in a carefully ... available the parts of Windows code that interacted with applications programs: the so-called Applications Program Interface, or API Thus, for example, developers of a database program were assured...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... Broadway play ‘‘Same Time Next Year,’’ which was about an accountant’s once -a- year affair with a woman The accountant (played by Alan Alda in the movie version) used the Bowmar to keep track of ... Environment),’’ Special Issue, Annals of the History of Computing 5: (1983) Morton M Astrahan and John F Jacobs, ‘ History of the Design of the SAGE Computer–-the AN=FSQ-7,’’ Annals of the History of Computing ... ‘‘specifically: a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data.’’ Some of the early automatic machines were called ‘‘calculators,’’ as in the Harvard Mark I, or ‘‘Automatic...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NAS See National Advanced Systems NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) See also National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Index Ames ... National Academy of Engineering, 79 National Advanced Systems (NAS), 165 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 38 National Bureau of Standards, 13, 25–26, 69, 180 National Library ... free software According to Stallman, those manuals are an integral part of the software and should be free as well 81 Microsoft executive James Allchin was quoted by Andrew Leonard, ‘‘Life, Liberty,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... Eckert and Mauchly.’’ That was the opinion of Howard Aiken, Harvard mathematician and builder of the Mark I calculator, expressed to Edward Cannon of the U.S National Bureau of Standards in 1948 Aiken ... information-handling machines, played Information or ‘‘intelligence’’ has been a crucial part of all warfare, but as a means to an end In the Cold War it became an end in itself This was a war of code-breaking, ... computers), an IBM Card Programmed Calculator (described next), and the Bell Labs Model V, a very large programmable relay calculator.14 The Card-Programmed Calculator The Aberdeen Relay Calculators...

Ngày tải lên: 03/12/2015, 05:00

... England—will be discussed again later Long-distance trade in the Mediterranean was mainly a transit trade in goods that came from far away—from India, Southeast Asia, and China —and that Italian ... makes up only percent of the Earth’s land surface, has been called a small peninsula of Asia, and no clear geographical boundary demarcates it from the rest of the Eurasian land mass The Ural ... I Se LM AT a A N Sicily S Malta E E Europe: physical geography N N N c DA ti a A Od e BOHEMIA i dr R A TUSCANY A P S be Vi st T IC A ula C A R PAT L IA BA S E A Crete BALKANS e nub Da NS 300...

Ngày tải lên: 12/12/2013, 16:15

... England (c) He was a Norman He became King of England (d) He was a great Roman leader (e) He defeated the Vikings and sent them away from Britain (f) He was a Viking king of England Read about ... Britain? Answer yes or no Don’t look at the book! (a) America (b) Canada (c) Japan (d) India (e) Egypt (f) Spain (g) Prussia (h) Poland (i) Australia (j) South Africa (k) China (l) Pakistan ACTIVITIES ... VIII began the process of changing Britain from a Catholic nation to a Protestant one, mainly because he was tired of his wife and wanted a new one! Despite attempts by Mary I and Mary Queen of Scots...

Ngày tải lên: 21/12/2013, 03:17

... of factors that impact the size of a wholesaler’s trade area, such as high product value relative to bulk, transportation rates, and available channels of distribution Savitt (1981: 231) regarded ... the academic popularity of the micro areas of marketing management and consumer behavior decry this lack of attention to bigger societal issues and argue this area of marketing is too important ... sale by a particular firm or by a particular agglomeration of firms’ Apparently, Huff’s work was regarded as definitive, because there have been virtually no additions or criticisms to gravitation...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 07:20

... Kaivalya, 15 Jâbâla, 16 Brahmabindu, 17 Ha@msa, 18 Âru@nika, 19 Garbha, 20 Nârâya@na, 21 Nârâya@na, 22 Paramaha@msa, 23 Brahma, 24 Am@rtanâda, 25 Atharvas'iras, 26 Atharvas'ikhâ, 27 Maitrâya@nî, ... Taittirîya and Mahânâraya@na, of the Ka@tha school the Kâ@thaka, of the Maitrâya@nî school the Maitrâya@nî The B@rhadâra@nyaka Upani@sad forms part of the S'atapatha Brâhma@na of the Vâjasaneyi ... This again had another commentary called _Varddha-mânendu_ upon it by Padmanâbha Mis'ra, and this again had another named _Nyâya-tâtparyama@n@dana_ by S 'a@ nkara Mis'ra The names of Vâtsyâyana,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 12:20

... have won, and ever since the days of Alfred, England has had a navy and Britannia has ruled the waves "Ye mariners of England That guard our native seas, Whose flag had braved a thousand years ... herself and them, rather than that they should fall again into the hands of the Romans CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER THE LAST OF THE ROMANS CARACTACUS was dead, Boadicea was dead, many other brave British leaders ... equal, and Arthur's knights became known as The Knights of the Round Table But, alas! the time of peace did not last Again came days of war and strife In a great and terrible battle, Arthur and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 08:20

... Heads—Visit of Bishop Broughton—Influenza—Octavius Hadfield—The east coast—Taumatakura—W Williams moves to Poverty Bay—Ripahau at Cook Strait—Rauparaha—Tamihana learns from Ripahau—Tamihana and ... Australia, Ruatara was once again a man, and now almost a Christian This meeting was momentous in its results "Mr Marsden and Ruatara," as Carleton says, "were each necessary to the other; each ... glad to be warned against confusing Turanga (Poverty Bay) with Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty Similarly, it may be well to call attention to the wide difference between Tamihana Te Waharoa and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 12:21

... philosopher Anaxagoras who had come from Ionia to teach at Athens In regard to the popular gods Anaxagoras was a thorough-going unbeliever The political enemies of Pericles struck at him by attacking ... introduced and carried a blasphemy law, to the effect that unbelievers and those who taught theories about the celestial world might be impeached It was easy to prove that Anaxagoras was a blasphemer ... that it is as incumbent on them to prohibit the circulation of pernicious opinions as to prohibit any anti-social actions They can argue that a man may far more harm by propagating anti-social...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 13:20

... must be sacrificed in order to study bone collagen X-ray analysis can provide valuable data about medical and dental diseases, estimates of age at death, and morphological variations It can also ... tomographic) imaging, chemical analysis, and so forth The bones may reveal evidence about an individual’s history of health and disease, age and cause of death Chapter Paleopathology and Paleomedicine ... examples of idiosyncratic ideas of beauty, rather than actual portrayals of obesity 12 A History of Medicine ICEMAN Perhaps the most remarkable of all naturally mummified bodies was discovered in...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... Savart; Faraday's Rotating Conductor and Magnet and Barlow's Wheel; Sturgeon's Electromagnet, Galvanometers; Ampère's and Ohm's Laws FARADAY AND HENRY 52 Faraday's Formative Years; Faraday Appointed ... colonies had been planted on tbe shores of the Mediterranean a Aegean seas, amorrg whicb was Ionia in Asia Minor Miletus was a thriving seaport in lonia, in and out of which sailed ships from all of ... The bal1 was rotated by means of a crank at the end of the shaft In later models the shaft was driven at higher speed by means of a belt that passed over a larger driving wheel and over a smaller...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 08:20