a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 7 potx

... formal and serious than those on Usenet, although they also had a wide range. After about a decade and a half of parallel operations, all three of these streams blended into a community of news, ... A few programs were announced at the same time: a ‘‘paint’’ (drawing) program, based on work done at Xerox- PARC on a Data General Nova, and a word processor that came close...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... later). For large and small systems, time-sharing became an acceptable and economical way of using a computer. A key factor was the development of disk storage that offered rapid and direct access ... a single printed circuit board about 15 inches square. This board was larger than what was standard at the time and made for a very compact package. In mid-1 971 the company introduc...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... Corporation, 164 Amdahl, Gene, 148, 156, 249–250 American Management Systems (AMS), 168 American Totalisator Company, 26 Anderson, Harlan, 1 27 Andreessen, Marc, 303 APL (A Programming Language), 233, 235, ... 102 AT&T, 65, 66, 172 , 282. See also Bell Laboratories Atanasoff, J. V., 38 Atlas computer (ERA). See Engineering Research Associates, 1101 Atlas computer (Manchester). See Ferra...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... information-handling machines, played. Information or ‘‘intelligence’’ has been a crucial part of all warfare, but as a means to an end. In the Cold War it became an end in itself. This was a war of code-breaking, ... Eckert and Mauchly designed and built the ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Electrical Engineering. The ENIAC was an electronic calculator...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... carried Computing Comes of Age, 1956–1964 71 quality of ‘‘random access’’: that any piece of data was as accessible as any other, in contrast to the sequential retrieval of a datum from a deck of ... two decades later, in the form of automatic teller machines, bar-coded products scanned at supermarket and retail check-out stations, and massive financial and personal databas...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... in chapter 7. Sorting Data Regardless of what level of programming language they used, all commercial and many scientific installations had to contend with an activity that was intimately related ... the Navy ordered Grace Murray Hopper to the Computation Lab to assist Howard Aiken with programming it. Hopper had been a professor of mathematics at Vassar College and had taken leave t...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... of cards to the campus IBM mainframe. Among its most famous applications was as a controller for the Tech Model Railroad Club’s layout. 57 Clearly the economics of mainframe computer usage, as ... commit- tee had to argue that the advantages of having a path for upward migration for 360-customers would overwhelm any advantages of a competitor’s shot at a particular model. At...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... was writing BASIC for the Altair, Gates was at Harvard. He did not have access to an 8080-based system, but he did have access to a PDP-10 at Harvard’s computing center (named after Howard Aiken). He ... continuous discussions of the advantages and drawbacks of each—the one machine having the ability to evaluate complex mathematical expressions with ease, the other more primitive but...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... help of others at NCSA, Mosaic was rewritten to run on Windows-based machines and Macintoshes as well as workstations. As a product of a government-funded laboratory, Mosaic was made available free ... was a suit filed in 19 87 by Lotus against a company called Paperback Software, established by Adam Osborne of portable computer fame. Paperback was selling a spreadsheet that f...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... only a chip supplier. 29. National Museum of American History, calculator collections. A Bowmar was even mentioned in the hit Broadway play ‘‘Same Time Next Year,’’ which was about an accountant’s ... accountant’s once -a- year affair with a woman. The accountant (played by Alan Alda in the movie version) used the Bowmar to keep track of the affair. 30. Electronics (April 17, 1980)...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20