a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 5 potx

... and economical way of using a computer. A key factor was the development of disk storage that offered rapid and direct access to large amounts of data. IBM had pioneered the use of disk storage with RAMAC ... played a crucial role by providing a market. The ‘‘advanced’’ Minuteman was a brand-new missile wrapped around an existing airframe. Autonetics, the division of North...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... formal and serious than those on Usenet, although they also had a wide range. After about a decade and a half of parallel operations, all three of these streams blended into a community of news, ... A few programs were announced at the same time: a ‘‘paint’’ (drawing) program, based on work done at Xerox- PARC on a Data General Nova, and a word processor that came close...

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... Corporation, 54 55 , 157 – 158 as customer for UNIVAC, 30, 32–33 GE-Calma, 281 GE 6 35 computer, 155 OARAC, 55 time-sharing system, 155 , 203–204, 2 35, 250 General Mills Corporation, 53 Generations, of ... originated with Donald Davies of the National Physical Laboratory in the U.K. See Martin Campbell-Kelly, ‘‘Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (19 65 19 7...

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... information-handling machines, played. Information or ‘‘intelligence’’ has been a crucial part of all warfare, but as a means to an end. In the Cold War it became an end in itself. This was a war of code-breaking, ... stated it in a form that gave it great force. Von Neumann’s international reputation as a mathematician also gave the idea more clout than it might have had coming...

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... carried Computing Comes of Age, 1 956 –1964 71 quality of ‘‘random access’’: that any piece of data was as accessible as any other, in contrast to the sequential retrieval of a datum from a deck of ... Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.) Computing Comes of Age, 1 956 –1964 53 was not as large as GE but in 1 955 it had over twice the annual sales of I...

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... same program (with a few minor changes) ran on a UNIVAC II and an RCA 50 1. Whether COBOL was well designed and capable is still a matter of debate, however. Part of COBOL’s ancestry can be traced ... in chapter 7. Sorting Data Regardless of what level of programming language they used, all commercial and many scientific installations had to contend with an activity that was int...

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... controlled, managed, and channeled the chaos of technical innovation into market dominance. Central to smooth opera- tions at IBM was a character from a best-seller from that era, The Organization Man, ... series gave the equivalent of ten decimal digits. That was adequate for most applica- tions, but many assumed that customers would not want a machine that could not handle at leas...

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... from a company that made oscilloscopes. By 1970 the first of a line of dramatically cheaper and smaller calculators appeared that used integrated circuits. 28 They were about the size of a paperback ... to scroll a pixel at a time, rather than a line at a time. There was no practical reason to have this feature, and it failed to catch on with other terminal displays, but it...

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... help of others at NCSA, Mosaic was rewritten to run on Windows-based machines and Macintoshes as well as workstations. As a product of a government-funded laboratory, Mosaic was made available free ... body of software comparable to, or even better than, what it took large teams of people to create in the commercial or academic world. As important as that programming was, just as...

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... communication to the author. 54 . Sammet, Programming Languages, 2 05 2 15; Bob Rosin, personal communica- tion, 23 June 19 95. 55 . The PL=I programming language, described later, was also a part of this unifying ... only a chip supplier. 29. National Museum of American History, calculator collections. A Bowmar was even mentioned in the hit Broadway play ‘‘Same Time Next Year,’’...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20