a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 4 ppsx

... of cards to the campus IBM mainframe. Among its most famous applications was as a controller for the Tech Model Railroad Club’s layout. 57 Clearly the economics of mainframe computer usage, as ... RCA, General Electric, and NCR. (AT&T also manufactured computers, but as a regulated monopoly its figures are not comparable here.) 2 With the partial exception of Control Data, all th...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... stated it in a form that gave it great force. Von Neumann’s international reputation as a mathematician also gave the idea more clout than it might have had coming solely from Eckert and Mauchly, neither ... that information, and by implication, information-handling machines, played. Information or ‘‘intelligence’’ has been a crucial part of all warfare, but as a means to an end. In...

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... carried Computing Comes of Age, 1956–19 64 71 quality of ‘‘random access’’: that any piece of data was as accessible as any other, in contrast to the sequential retrieval of a datum from a deck of ... penetration of computing two decades later, in the form of automatic teller machines, bar-coded products scanned at supermarket and retail check-out stations, and massive...

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... the Navy ordered Grace Murray Hopper to the Computation Lab to assist Howard Aiken with programming it. Hopper had been a professor of mathematics at Vassar College and had taken leave to attend ... in chapter 7. Sorting Data Regardless of what level of programming language they used, all commercial and many scientific installations had to contend with an activity that was intimately r...

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... and economical way of using a computer. A key factor was the development of disk storage that offered rapid and direct access to large amounts of data. IBM had pioneered the use of disk storage with RAMAC ... played a crucial role by providing a market. The ‘‘advanced’’ Minuteman was a brand-new missile wrapped around an existing airframe. Autonetics, the division of North...

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... from a company that made oscilloscopes. By 1970 the first of a line of dramatically cheaper and smaller calculators appeared that used integrated circuits. 28 They were about the size of a paperback ... was writing BASIC for the Altair, Gates was at Harvard. He did not have access to an 8080-based system, but he did have access to a PDP-10 at Harvard’s computing center (named a...

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... formal and serious than those on Usenet, although they also had a wide range. After about a decade and a half of parallel operations, all three of these streams blended into a community of news, ... A few programs were announced at the same time: a ‘‘paint’’ (drawing) program, based on work done at Xerox- PARC on a Data General Nova, and a word processor that came close...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... help of others at NCSA, Mosaic was rewritten to run on Windows-based machines and Macintoshes as well as workstations. As a product of a government-funded laboratory, Mosaic was made available free ... it took large teams of people to create in the commercial or academic world. As important as that programming was, just as important was the legal agreement Stallman crafted to guaran...

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... qualified as ‘‘specifically: a program- mable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data.’’ 2. Some of the early automatic machines were called ‘‘calculators,’’ as in the Harvard ... only a chip supplier. 29. National Museum of American History, calculator collections. A Bowmar was even mentioned in the hit Broadway play ‘‘Same Time Next Year,’’ which was about an a...

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... Corporation, 1 64 Amdahl, Gene, 148 , 156, 249 –250 American Management Systems (AMS), 168 American Totalisator Company, 26 Anderson, Harlan, 127 Andreessen, Marc, 303 APL (A Programming Language), 233, 235, ... your program.’’ (MITS Altair BASIC Reference Manual, 56; National Museum of American History, Altair Curatorial File.) 91. Manes and Andrews, Gates, chapters 2 and 3; for a dis...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20