a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 2 pdf

... carried Computing Comes of Age, 1956–1964 71 quality of ‘‘random access’’: that any piece of data was as accessible as any other, in contrast to the sequential retrieval of a datum from a deck of ... two decades later, in the form of automatic teller machines, bar-coded products scanned at supermarket and retail check-out stations, and massive financial and personal databases...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... was writing BASIC for the Altair, Gates was at Harvard. He did not have access to an 8080-based system, but he did have access to a PDP-10 at Harvard’s computing center (named after Howard Aiken). He ... continuous discussions of the advantages and drawbacks of each—the one machine having the ability to evaluate complex mathematical expressions with ease, the other more primitive but...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... southern California aerospace firms besides Northrop carefully evaluated the Card-Programmed Calculator against vendors’ claims for electronic computers. 22 Nearly all of them installed at least one ... stated it in a form that gave it great force. Von Neumann’s international reputation as a mathematician also gave the idea more clout than it might have had coming solely from Eckert an...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... the Navy ordered Grace Murray Hopper to the Computation Lab to assist Howard Aiken with programming it. Hopper had been a professor of mathematics at Vassar College and had taken leave to attend ... in chapter 7. Sorting Data Regardless of what level of programming language they used, all commercial and many scientific installations had to contend with an activity that was intimately r...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... RCA, General Electric, and NCR. (AT&T also manufactured computers, but as a regulated monopoly its figures are not comparable here.) 2 With the partial exception of Control Data, all the above ... commit- tee had to argue that the advantages of having a path for upward migration for 360-customers would overwhelm any advantages of a competitor’s shot at a particular model. A...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... and economical way of using a computer. A key factor was the development of disk storage that offered rapid and direct access to large amounts of data. IBM had pioneered the use of disk storage with RAMAC ... played a crucial role by providing a market. The ‘‘advanced’’ Minuteman was a brand-new missile wrapped around an existing airframe. Autonetics, the division of North...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... formal and serious than those on Usenet, although they also had a wide range. After about a decade and a half of parallel operations, all three of these streams blended into a community of news, ... A few programs were announced at the same time: a ‘‘paint’’ (drawing) program, based on work done at Xerox- PARC on a Data General Nova, and a word processor that came close...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... widespread adoption established a de facto standard for the C programming language—that is, a standard C was defined as a language that the GNU C Compiler understood. And it was free. Ver y free. Stallman’s ... body of software comparable to, or even better than, what it took large teams of people to create in the commercial or academic world. As important as that programming was, ju...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... American History, calculator collections. A Bowmar was even mentioned in the hit Broadway play ‘‘Same Time Next Year,’’ which was about an accountant’s once -a- year affair with a woman. The accountant ... to Calculation (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976), chapter 4. Notes to Pages 21 2 21 5 391 professionals have privately told this author that the computer created a new set of h...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... 148, 156, 24 9 25 0 American Management Systems (AMS), 168 American Totalisator Company, 26 Anderson, Harlan, 127 Andreessen, Marc, 303 APL (A Programming Language), 23 3, 23 5, 24 8 Apollo Guidance Computer, ... System (BMEWS), 71 Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, Md., 18–19 Bank of America, 55 BASIC programming language for the Altair, 23 2 23 6 for the Apple II, 26 4 26...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20