a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 2 pdf
a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 2 pdf
... carried Computing Comes of Age, 1956–1964 71quality of ‘‘random access’’: that any piece of data was as accessible asany other, in contrast to the sequential retrieval of a datum from a deck of ... two decades later, inthe form of automatic teller machines, bar-coded products scanned atsupermarket and retail check-out stations, and massive financial andpersonal databases maintained by ... used an extra bit appended toeach coded character to indicate whether or not it was the last one of a word; the 7 02 used a a special character that signified that the end wasreached. 27 Although...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 6 pdf
... was writing BASIC for the Altair, Gates was at Harvard. Hedid not have access to an 8080-based system, but he did have access to a PDP-10 at Harvard’s computing center (named after Howard Aiken).He ... continuousdiscussions of the advantages and drawbacks of each—the one machinehaving the ability to evaluate complex mathematical expressions withease, the other more primitive but potentially capable of doing all ... projects hadthe impact of the Altair’s announcement. Why? One reason was that itwas designed and promoted as a capable minicomputer, as powerful asthose offered by DEC or Data General. The magazine...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 1 docx
... southernCalifornia aerospace firms besides Northrop carefully evaluated theCard-Programmed Calculator against vendors’ claims for electroniccomputers. 22 Nearly all of them installed at least one ... stated it in a form that gave it great force. Von Neumann’sinternational reputation as a mathematician also gave the idea moreclout than it might have had coming solely from Eckert and Mauchly,neither ... information, and by implication, information-handlingmachines, played. Information or ‘‘intelligence’’ has been a crucialpart of all warfare, but as a means to an end. In the Cold War itbecame an end...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 3 doc
... the Navy ordered Grace Murray Hopper to theComputation Lab to assist Howard Aiken with programming it.Hopper had been a professor of mathematics at Vassar College andhad taken leave to attend ... in chapter 7.Sorting DataRegardless of what level of programming language they used, allcommercial and many scientific installations had to contend with anactivity that was intimately related ... same program (with a few minor changes)ran on a UNIVAC II and an RCA 501. Whether COBOL was welldesigned and capable is still a matter of debate, however.Part of COBOL’s ancestry can be traced...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 4 ppsx
... RCA, GeneralElectric, and NCR. (AT&T also manufactured computers, but as a regulated monopoly its figures are not comparable here.) 2 With the partial exception of Control Data, all the above ... commit-tee had to argue that the advantages of having a path for upwardmigration for 360-customers would overwhelm any advantages of a competitor’s shot at a particular model.At the highest end ... on modern personal computers, than like the archival storage style of mainframetape drives.66The physical packaging of the PDP-8, a factor that mattered less forlarge systems, played a key...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 5 potx
... andeconomical way of using a computer. A key factor was the development of disk storage that offered rapidand direct access to large amounts of data. IBM had pioneered the use of disk storage with RAMAC ... played a crucial role by providing a market. The ‘‘advanced’’ Minuteman was a brand-new missile wrapped around an existing airframe. Autonetics, thedivision of North American Aviation that had ... a single printed circuit board about 15 inches square.This board was larger than what was standard at the time and made for a very compact package.In mid-1971 the company introduced an advanced...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 7 potx
... formal andserious than those on Usenet, although they also had a wide range. Afterabout a decade and a half of parallel operations, all three of thesestreams blended into a community of news, ... A few programs were announced at thesame time: a ‘‘paint’’ (drawing) program, based on work done at Xerox-PARC on a Data General Nova, and a word processor that came close toWYSIWYG. A year ... poor quality software thatwasted more company time than it saved. The ‘‘personal’’ in the PCmeant also that a worker’s choices of software, based on personalsatisfaction, did not always mesh...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 8 pps
... widespreadadoption established a de facto standard for the C programminglanguage—that is, a standard C was defined as a language that theGNU C Compiler understood. And it was free. Ver y free.Stallman’s ... body of software comparable to, oreven better than, what it took large teams of people to create in thecommercial or academic world.As important as that programming was, just as important was ... time-shared VAX.Torvalds was already familiar with UNIX from reading a book onoperating systems by Andrew Tanenbaum, of Vrije University in Amster-dam. Tanenbaum had also developed a teaching...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 9 pps
... American History, calculator collections. A Bowmar waseven mentioned in the hit Broadway play ‘‘Same Time Next Year,’’ which wasabout an accountant’s once -a- year affair with a woman. The accountant ... toCalculation (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976), chapter 4.Notes to Pages 21 2 21 5 391professionals have privately told this author that the computer created a new set of headaches on many a ... the author, 16 June, 19 92. 390 Notes to Pages 20 8 21 1 22 . Wesley A. Clark, ‘‘The LINC was Early and Small,’’ in Goldberg, History of Personal Workstations, 347–391. 23 . Pearson, Digital at Work,...
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a history of modern computing 2nd edition phần 10 potx
... 148, 156, 24 9 25 0American Management Systems(AMS), 168American Totalisator Company, 26 Anderson, Harlan, 127 Andreessen, Marc, 303APL (A Programming Language), 23 3, 23 5, 24 8Apollo Guidance Computer, ... System(BMEWS), 71Ballistic Research Laboratory,Aberdeen, Md., 18–19Bank of America, 55BASIC programming languagefor the Altair, 23 2 23 6for the Apple II, 26 4 26 5at Dartmouth, 20 3 20 5Microsoft BASIC. ... programming language, 94,98ALGOL-68 programming language,101, 106–107Algorithm, 103Allen, Paul, 23 3 23 5, 23 7ALOHAnet, 29 3Altair 8800 computer, 22 5 23 1Amdahl Corporation, 164Amdahl, Gene,...
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