Introduction to GPS The Global Positioning System - Part 6 pdf

... result of the changes in the suns radiation and the Earths magnetic field. For example, the F1 layer disappears during the night and is more pronounced in the summer than in the winter [14]. The ... and the navigation mes- sage). However, after the AS activation, the P-code was encrypted to Y-code. This means that the receiver cannot output either the P-code or th...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 14:20

... rules, 583–584 structure vs. chromatography, 583–584 Proteomics, multidimensional liquid chromatography, 616–618 Protocol; see Validation, protocol Pseudocritical chromatography, 654 Pump(s), 104–113 active ... U-HPLC High-pressure liquid chromatography, 8 High-priced liquid chromatography; see U-HPLC High-speed liquid chromatography, 8 HILIC, see Hydrophilic interaction chr...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... ABBREVIATIONS xxxv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 .1 Background Information, 2 1. 1 .1 What Is HPLC?, 2 1. 1.2 What Can HPLC Do?, 4 1. 2 A Short History of HPLC, 6 1. 3 Some Alternatives to HPLC, 8 1. 3 .1 Gas Chromatography ... Special Forms of HPLC, 12 1. 4 Other Sources of HPLC Information, 12 1. 4 .1 Books, 12 1. 4.2 Journals, 13 1. 4.3 Reviews, 13 1. 4.4 Short Courses, 13...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... Clock II-2 13 2 B-3 Cs II- 21 39 9 A -1 Cs II-4 19 19 A-5 Cs II-22 35 5 B-4 Cs II-5 17 17 D-3 Cs II-23 34 4 D-4 Rb II-8 21 21 E-2 Cs II-24 36 6 C -1 Cs II-9 15 15 D-5 Cs II-25 33 3 C-2 Cs II -1 0 23 23 E-5 ... II-26 40 10 E-3 Cs II -1 1 24 24 D -1 Cs II-27 30 30 B-2 Cs II -1 2 25 25 A-2 Cs II-28 38 8 A-3 Rb II -1 4 26 26 F-2 Rb IIR-2 43 13 F-3 Rb II -1 5 27 27 A-4 Cs IIR-3 46...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... that the P-code is a stream of about 2. 35 ì 10 14 chips! The 26 6-day-long code is divided into 38 segments; each is 1 week long. Of these, 32 segments are assigned to the various GPS satel- lites. ... to GPS the Y-code, which has the same chipping rate as the P-code. This encryp- tion is known as the antispoofing (AS). The GPS navigation message is a data stream...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... circles. Figure 3. 8 shows the sky plot for Toronto on April 13, 2001, which was 42 Introduction to GPS N 0 33 0 30 0 W270 240 210 180 S 150 120 90 E 60 30 Figure 3. 8 GPS sky plot for Toronto on April 13, 2001. ... precision of the GPS positioning at the one-sigma (1-s) level. To obtain the precision at the 2-s level, sometimes referred to as approxi- mately...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... clear from the definition of the x and z axes that the xz-plane contains the mean Greenwich meridian. The y-axis is selected to make the coordinate system right-handed (i.e., 90° east of the x-axis, ... meridian Figure 4. 8 UTM projection. 1 180 W° 176 W° 168 W° 162 W° 23  Equator Figure 4. 9 UTM zoning. 4. 2.2 The WGS 84 and NAD 83 systems The World Geodetic Syst...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... latter. 5. 5 Stop-and-go GPS surveying Stop-and-go surveying is another carrier-phase-based relative positioning technique. It also employs two or more GPS receivers simultaneously tracking the same ... solution, 76 Introduction to GPS Base (fixed) Rover (moving) Figure 5. 5 Stop-and-go GPS surveying. The expected accuracy from a geodetic quality receiver is typically 5...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... Tiberius, A New Way to Fix Carrier-Phase Ambiguities, GPS World, Vol. 6, No. 4, April 1995, pp. 58 61 . [5] DeLoach, S. R., D. Wells, and D. Dodd, Why On -the- Fly? GPS World, Vol. 6, No. 5, May 1995, ... are the real-valued numbers along with their uncertainty parameters (so-called covariance matrix) only. These real-valued numbers are in fact difficult to separate from the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... broadcasting the real-time DGPS cor- rections of their WADGPS system [6]. The system is based on using the already existing FM radio broadcasts to deliver the DGPS corrections to local users (Figure 7. 4). ... in the L-band. To access either service, a subscriber needs the system data receiver to receive and decode the DGPS corrections. The data receiver must be...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... -8 941.716559 19453 .85 6 287 -1 5733 .87 0061 1.569531 P 13 70 38. 374572 23279.495964 1 080 6 .82 1255 -0 .82 2725 P 14 -1 4521.250452 -7 1 58. 053525 -2 0 986 .923406 -9 7 .89 186 4 P 18 -1 9 581 .5 389 63 -1 7313 .82 57 18 ... 139 68. 983 112 183 15.041573 15.9 988 05 P 4 23740.479526 -3 537 .87 486 6 -1 1560.053546 700.699352 P 5 -3 512 .82 7227 -1...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... September 19 22, 2000, pp. 22522262. [11] Driscoll, C., Wireless Caller Location Systems, GPS World,Vol .9, No. 10, October 199 8, pp. 44 49. GPS Integration 127 9 GPS Integration GPS has found ... trees Contours FH Roads Figure 9. 1 GPS/ GIS integration. Figure 9. 2 GPS/ LRF integration. provided that the real-time DGPS corrections can be received. Once the processing...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... of the integrated system is a GPS- based real-time fleet-monitoring system. Low-cost standalone GPS receivers may be used, as only low-accuracy positioning information is needed. To avoid GPS ... the integrated GPS/ inertial system. The latter system, LIDAR, uses an airborne laser scan- ner to measure the altitude of the points above the ground level [16]. Com- bi...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... receivers use the frequency channel rather than the code to distinguish the satellites. The chipping rates for the P-code and the C/A-code are 5 .11 and 0. 511 Mbps, respectively. The GLONASS navigation ... problems with GPS/ GLONASS integration. The first one is that both GPS and GLONASS systems use dif- ferent coordinate frames to express the position of their sat...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... Team-Fly đ Appendix A GPS Accuracy and Precision Measures The term accuracy is used to express the degree of closeness of a measure- ment, or the obtained solution, to the true value. The ... equivalent to 100m (2drms) for a ratio of 2.5. The spherical error probable (SEP) is used to express the accuracy of the 3-D case. SEP means that there is a 50% chance tha...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22