LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY A Top-Down Approach - Chapter 4 pps

... separated by an ecotone, and having a large spatial extent. Landscape ecology includes the study of landscape effects that can take place in a 1-m 2 plot. Landscape ecology requires that these ... changes in emphasis have occurred? 4. 3 Is a cornfield with a tree windbreak a landscape? Does a cornfield juxtaposed with a wheat field constitute a landscape? 4. 4...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... toward the same objectives Top-management myopia may straitjacket marketing Perreault−McCarthy: Basic Marketing: A Global−Managerial Approach, 14/ e 4. Evaluating Opportunities in the Changing ... NAFTA basically enlarges the free-trade pact that had already knocked down most barriers to U.S.–Canada trade, and over a 15-year period it will eliminate most such barriers with Mexico. It...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 20:20

... forest and meadow reduces landscape evapotranspiration by 30 mm (landscape K2) and improving landscape structure by increasing forest and meadow increases evapotranspiration by 20 mm (landscape ... to half that of arable land, and in 1950 the grassland area was five times smaller than the area of arable land (Figure 4. 9). Decreasing water retention in the environment, accelerated runo...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... sustainable develop- ment of rural areas is a major goal of the national and international politics that are related to nonurban areas. Most rural areas are dominated by agricultural land use. ... demand for spatial data or they even have a spatial design (Costanza and Maxwell, 1991) because many ecologically relevant processes do occur as spatial interactions between compartments of a...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... [dx u dy u dz u db u ] T a         a 11 a 12 a 13 1 a 21 a 22 a 23 1 a 31 a 32 a 33 1 a 41 a 42 a 43 1 . . . a n1 a n2 a n3 1         (2.15) 12 BASIC GPS CONCEPT user clock error cannot be corrected ... perpendicular to the ellipse that inter- cepts it at A and the x-axis at C. To help illustrate the following relation a circle with radi...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... A Software Approach James Bao-Yen Tsui Copyright  2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Print ISBN 0 -4 7 1-3 815 4- 3 Electronic ISBN 0 -4 7 1-2 005 4- 9 54 CHAPTER FOUR Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed Coordinate ... transform can be accomplished by keeping the z-axis unchanged and rotating the x-axis by the angle q as shown in Figure 4. 3. In Figure 4. 3 the y-axis is not shown....

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... The navigation data rate carried by the P code through phase modulation is at a 50 Hz rate. 5.5 C / A CODE AND DATA FORMAT (1,2,5) The C / A code is a bi-phase modulated signal with a chip rate ... of the transmitting satellite. The MSB (bit 77) indicates a summary of the health of the navigation data, where bit 77 equals: 0 All navigation data are OK. 1 Some or all navigation dat...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... Spilker (11) indicated that a 1-bit ADC degrades the signal-to-noise ratio by 1.96 dB and a 2-bit ADC degrades the signal-to-noise by 0.55 dB. Many commercial GPS receivers use only 1- or 2-bit ADCs. Chang (12) claims ... sampled data points. Fig- 6. 14 CHANGE FROM COMPLEX TO REAL DATA 129 6. 14 CHANGE FROM COMPLEX TO REAL DATA In this section changing complex data to real data will...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... to track 20 ms of data without a navigation data phase transition, one must find a phase transition in the data. This requirement puts an additional restraint on the acquisition program. The acquisition ... 0 x(n)e j2pnk / N (8 .40 ) Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers: A Software Approach James Bao-Yen Tsui Copyright  2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Print ISBN 0 -4...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... can be calculated by assign- ing values to each habitat. Let optimal habitat have a value of 8, suboptimal habitat a value of 6, marginal a value of 4, and invasible 2. Nontraversable habitat ... shows a hypothetical landscape overlaid with 100 hexagonal cells. Each grid cell is assigned a habitat value for a particular organism. At first appearance, the landscape appears...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22