... available: ❍ delay guarantees ❍ bandwidth guarantees application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data ... channel ❍ receiver read data from underlying channel Wait for call from above packet = make_pkt(data) udt_send(packet) rdt_send(data) extract (packet,data) deliver_data(data) Wait for call from below rdt_rcv(packet) sender receiver ... layer ❒ more than one transport protocol available to apps ❍ Internet: TCP and UDP application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data...
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... stored audio and video 2) Streaming live audio and video 3) Real-time interactive audio and video Jitter is the variability of packet delays within the same packet stream 7: Multimedia Networking ... resolution audio stream as the redundant information • for example, nominal stream PCM at 64 kbps and redundant stream GSM at 13 kbps. • Whenever there is non-consecutive loss, the receiver can conceal ... is a positive constant. Remaining packets in talkspurt are played out periodically 7: Multimedia Networking 7-5 MM Networking Applications Fundamental characteristics: ❒ Typically delay sensitive ❍ end-to-end...
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... management agent data agent data agent data agent data managed device managed device managed device managed device managing entity data network management protocol definitions: managed devices contain managed objects whose data ... management? ❒ Internet- standard management framework ❍ Structure of Management Information: SMI ❍ Management Information Base: MIB ❍ SNMP Protocol Operations and Transport Mappings ❍ Security and Administration ❒ ASN.1 ... data is gathered into a Management Information Base (MIB) managing entity Network Management 9- 15 SNMP protocol Two ways to convey MIB info, commands: agent data Managed device managing entity response agent data Managed...
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... learners can model their own work in this area of academic writing. The Internet The Internet has made many opportunities available to both learners and educators that were not feasible in the ... features of academic essays (topic sentences, paragraphs, conclusions), but rather the differences, namely connectors and organization, which set compare/contrast essays apart from other academic ... a few. And, at our very fingertips are assorted, authentic materials whose access are not limited to either temporal or spatial constraints, for the Internet is easily accessed 24 hours a day...
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