Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System - part 10 docx

... [35]. These parasites induce DNA changes and mutations through the pro- duction of carcinogens and free radicals, and the stimu- lation of cellular proliferation of intra-hepatic bile duct epithelium ... of the extra-hepatic bile ducts with intra-hepatic biliary dilatation and enlargement of the liver. The gallbladder is collapsed and flaccid. If the tumour i...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... over the liver increases the venous return and the jugular venous pres- sure rises due to the inability of the failing right heart to handle the increased blood flow. The hepato-jugular reflux is of ... mucus-containing fluid. Genetic defects in transporters The discovery of mutations in some of the trans- porters described above has added to the understand- ing...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... transfer of the ligand and receptor to a lysosome (L) where they are degraded; 3 the receptor and ligand are transferred to a compartment of uncoupling of receptor and ligand (CURL). The receptor and ... macrophages attached to the endothelial lining of the sinusoid, par- ticularly in the peri-portal area. They stain with peroxi- dase. They have microvilli and in...

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... of the ribs. Palmar erythema (liver palms) The hands are warm and the palms bright red in colour, especially the hypothenar and thenar eminences and pulps of the fingers (fig. 6.12). Islets of ... substrates and influ- ences from further afield (fig. 7 .10) . When the liver fails or there is portal-systemic shunting there is a complex pattern of changes which influenc...

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... submucous layer of the lower end of the oesophagus and fundus of the stomach. (b) At the anus, the superior haemorrhoidal vein of the portal system anastomoses with the middle and inferior haemorrhoidal ... v. Renal v. KIDNEY LIVER IVC Normal anatomy End-to-side porta-caval anastomosis Side-to-side porta-caval anastomosis Fig. 10. 53. The types of surgical p...

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... DNAand the host DNApolymerase transcribes for the virus. L (-) S(+) DR1 DR2 pre-S1 pre-S2 ORF-S ORF-P DNA polymerase pre-C HBcAg HBeAg ORF-C ORF-X HBsAg Fig. 17.4. Organization of the genome of ... nucleus and the surface particles in the cytoplasm. The core contains a DNA polymerase. DNA structure is double- stranded and circular with a single-stranded gap of 600– 2...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and produce TIMP-1 and MT1-MMP [41]. Kupffer cells secrete type IV collagenase (MMP-9). The net result of the changes during hepatic injury is increased degrada- tion of the ... to the severity of the liver disease [72]. The extent of the nutritional defect depends on the type of alcoholic, whether of low socio- economic status where prote...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... enter the intra-hepatic portal system, where they grow rapidly. The extent and severity of chronic liver disease corre- lates with the intensity and duration of egg production and hence with the ... of the intercostal spaces. The liver shadow may be enlarged with a raised immobile right diaphragm. The abscess commonly causes a bulge in the antero-medial part...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... failure with a standard catheter. The intra-hepatic biliary tree, cystic and common bile ducts and gallbladder are filled (fig. 32.11). Changes in the position of the patient and tilting of the screening table ... exaggerated form of Phrygian cap, presumably of the serosal type. The constancy of position of the fundus during contraction and the small size...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20