diseases of the stomach and duodenum

... gallbladder and empties into the duodenum At the end of the meal, the gallbladder relaxes and. .. from the a center of the gallbladder bed to the right border of the inferior ... steadily, the sphincter relaxes and bile flow into the duodenum increases Liver anatomy To understand the anatomy and physiology of the biliary tract and the production of bile, ... liver, the active relaxation of the gallbladder, and the resistance to flow through the lower end of the bile duct produced by the sphincter of Oddi In the fasting state the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... necrosis and scattered plasma cells, further resembling autoimmune hepatitis. A high index of suspicion on the part of the gastroenterologist and the pathologist is often necessary to make the ... examination They can Chapter 3: Epidemiology of diseases of the bile ducts and gallbladder be distinguished from stones by their fixed position in the gallbladder and by the lack ... Pathology of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder 35 The disorders known collectively as fi bropolycystic diseases of the liver are characterized by dilatation and varying

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... between the cystic duct and the upper border of the duodenum, and lower 1 /3 tumors arise from the common bile duct between the upper border of the duodenum and the ampulla ... tortuous. The wall of the bile duct is normally very thin, measuring less than 1 mm. CT has the advantage of high spatial resolution, which allows depiction of both the lumen and the wall of the ... ond, there are deep lobulations in the capsular surface owing to profound segmental atrophy, particularly in the anterior segment of the right hepatic lobe and the medial segment of the left

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... drained directly into the stomach. This is done by transhepatic perforation of the left lobe of the liver into the lesser curvature of the stomach using fluoroscopic, endoscopic, and laparoscopic ... catheter... therapeutic approaches for the biliary tree and gallbladder by irradiation They further characterized the injury as “vacuolation, swelling, and necrosis of the epithelial ... of the majority of their energy at the end of their track range, the so-called Bragg peak The dose unit of. .. following X-ray therapy for gastric cancer in 1921; Case and Warthin

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... resection of the liver) with dissection of the lymphatic tissue of the hepatoduodenal ligament is the therapy of choice. Therefore, the gallbladder plus a 1- to 3-cm wedge re- section of the gallbladder ... involvement of more than four segments of the liver Figure 8.8 The liver is pulled up and the ligamentum teres downwards. The duct of S III can be approached by dissecting the left part of the base of ... patient in the operating room: the supine position with the surgeon standing on the left and the assisting surgeon holding the camera on the right side of the patient. Alternatively, the pa- Table

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... of the poor correlation between the severity of the inflammation and the number and. .. dissolution of gallstones by methyl-tert-butyl ether Lancet 1988;2: 2 76 7 Diseases of ... the discharge of pus and bile The 19th century brought the development of anesthesia and more detailed knowledge of biliary colic and intermittent... of “cooling down” the ... from the onset of symptoms With the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the beginning of the 1990s the question of timing arose again At the beginning of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... Name the classification of cystic diseases of the biliary tract • Understand the premalignant nature of cystic diseases of the biliary tract • Understand the role of liver ... extra-hepatic biliary system: an analy- sis of thirteen patients and a review of the literature of the effec- tiveness of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1977;2:883–94. ... the detection of small common duct stones. The pigment content of intrahepatic stones also makes them less obvious on CT scans. The CT scan produces good images of the liver and pancreas and

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... understanding of the pathophysiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), the progression of disease and eventual outcomes become logical • To present the various options of therapy — their ... in animal models [64,65]. Further inves- tigation to delineate the role of these peptides in the etiology of PSC is required. The major criticism of the theories of colonic toxins caus- ing PSC ... of alka- line phosphatase in the setting of chronic ulcerative colitis should raise the suspicion of sclerosing cholangitis and trig- ger further investigation. Early in the course of PSC, the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... of the gallbladder and distal duct, or atresia of the distal ducts and patency of the gallbladder. .. nearer to the portal plate excluding the gallbladder, and the ... then constructed and preferentially brought up to the liver behind the transverse colon An enterotomy at the end of the loop is created and approximated to the capsule of the ... the edge of the liver and the fundus of the gallbladder The fundus is opened and a small cannula inserted With fluoroscopy visualization, contrast is slowly injected into the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... between PSC and autoimmune hepatitis. The evidence includes the increasing number of children who have features of both diseases, the similar auto- antibody profile in the two diseases, and the high ... some degree of failure of the normal formation of the inter- lobular bile ducts, and results in a characteristic portal tract lesion consisting of persistence of some remnant of the ductal ... number of ways, and often is associated with renal disease of varying severity. First described in 1962 [165], the most important features of the disease and the complications that accompanied the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... compartment of uncoupling of receptor and ligand (CURL) The receptor and ligand separate The receptor returns to sinusoidal plasma membrane and the ligand enters a lysosome and is ... the ligand and receptor are released (transcytosis) (e.g polymeric IgA); 2 transfer of the ligand and receptor to a lysosome (L) where they are degraded; 3 the receptor and ligand ... 16) These make up 6–8% of the total endothelial cell surface, and there are more in the centrilobular zone of the sinusoid than the peri-portal area... normal human liver, of

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... [...]... especially the hypothenar and thenar eminences and pulps of the fingers (fig 6. 12) Islets of erythema may be found at the bases of the fingers The soles of the feet may ... affects the Jewish race. The deficiency is in the enzyme sphingomyelinase, in the lysosomes of the reticulo-endothelial system. This results in the lyso- somal storage of sphingomyelin. The liver and ... in the portal tracts and in the dis- tended sinusoids (fig. 4.6). The cells are of all types and varying maturity. The distribution of cells may reflect the type of underlying sinusoidal endothelial

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... Prostaglandins Several prostaglandins are synthesized in the kidney and although they are not primary regulators they modulate the effects of other factors and hormones locally. Prostaglandin ... the block and return blood towards the liver These enter the portal vein in the porta hepatis beyond the block They include the veins at the hilum, venae comitantes of the ... and hepatic arteries, veins in the suspensory ligaments of the liver and diaphragmatic and omental... function tests, the absence of other causes of renal failure, and the

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... liver increases the venous return and the jugular venous pres- sure rises due to the inability of the failing right heart to handle the increased blood flow. The hepato-jugular reflux is of value for ... bile, presumably as a result of the failure of transport systems across the hepato- cyte and the canalicular membrane. Conjugation is intact and therefore there is reflux of conjugated bilirubin into ... hypertension and splenomegaly The intestinal contents are bulky and greasy; the more complete the cholestasis, the paler the stools The kidneys are swollen and bile... is the first

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... in the gut of the sandfly, but the organism completes its life cycle in the host following the fly bite. The sandfly inoculates the host with the organisms in the promastigote stage. Once the ... a nodular mass at the angle of the jaw. The masses gradually increase in size and number and form sinuses that open onto the face and neck. Although infection is often seen in the jaw area, Actinomyces ... Pathology weapon. There are 3 major forms of infection with the organism: cutaneous, inhalation, and gastrointestinal. 93 The details of these forms of anthrax will not be discussed with the exception of gastrointestinal...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 08:20