... to the skin into theliver substance and extracted This is the quick part ofthe procedure The tip ofthe needle is now placed on sterile paper and some ofthe remaining saline flushed through the ... to a compartment of uncoupling of receptor and ligand (CURL) The receptor and ligand separate The receptor returns to sinusoidal plasma membrane andthe ligand enters a lysosome and is degraded ... Anatomy ofthebiliary tract, Development oftheliverand bile ducts, Anatomical abnormalities ofthe liver, Surface marking, Methods of examination, Hepatic morphology, Electron microscopy and...
... especially the hypothenar and thenar eminences and pulps ofthe fingers (fig 6.12) Islets of erythema may be found at the bases ofthe fingers The soles ofthe feet may be similarly affected The mottling ... diameter and is not obliterated by pressure Venous stars are seen on the dorsum ofthe foot, legs, back and on the lower border ofthe ribs Palmar erythema (liver palms) The hands are warm andthe ... benzodiazepines and barbiturates (fig 7.9) The binding of any of these ligands opens a chloride channel and after the influx of chloride there is hyperpolarization ofthe postsynaptic membrane, and neuroinhibition...
... veins ofthe caval system Deviation of blood into these channels leads to varicosities in the submucous layer ofthe lower end ofthe oesophagus and fundus ofthe stomach (b) At the anus, the superior ... bypass the block and return blood towards theliver These enter the portal vein in the porta hepatis beyond the block They include the veins at the hilum, venae comitantes ofthe portal vein and ... by the union ofthe superior mesenteric vein andthe splenic vein just posterior to the head ofthe pancreas at about the level ofthe second lumbar vertebra It extends slightly to the right of...
... one another to form septal bile ducts and so on until the two main hepatic ducts emerge from the right and left lobes oftheliver at the porta hepatis Small bile ducts distal to the canals of Hering ... with other variations ofthe A(TA)nTAA allele have also shown elevated serum total bilirubin levels, including the alleles 5/6, 5/7 and 7/8 [5] In Asians andthe Japanese, the frequency ofthe ... micrograph ofthe canalicular biliary system porters, from the microsomes to the bile canalicular membrane The peri-canalicular cytoplasm contains elements ofthe cytoskeleton ofthe hepatocyte:...
... serum IgG anti-HDV is found There may be a window period between the disappearance of one andthe detection ofthe other Loss of IgM anti-HDV confirms the resolution of HDV infection, whereas persistence ... both as monotherapy, and, on the basis of recently completed large trials, in combination with ribavirin The cost and availability makes all these treatments out of reach ofthe millions of sufferers ... introspection by the patient Antiviral therapy The aim is to control infectivity, eradicate the virus and prevent the development of cirrhosis However, permanent loss of HBeAg and HBV DNA are unusual and...
... lipids synthesized in theliver itself The origin depends upon the dose of ethanol ingested andthe lipid content ofthe diet After an acute, isolated ingestion of a large dose of ethanol the fatty ... redox state oftheliverThe hydrogen generated replaces fatty acid as a fuel and is followed by triglyceride accumulation and fatty liverThe redox state oftheliver changes, protein synthesis is ... serious The deeper the jaundice the greater the inadequacy ofliver cell function The skin may be pigmented Clubbing ofthe fingers is occasionally seen Purpura over the arms, shoulders and shins...
... throughout the world except in New Zealand, Australia and some parts ofthe west Pacific The Borrelia multiply in the liver, invading liver cells and causing focal necrosis Just before the crisis the ... abscess in the left lobe oftheliver may show a crescentic deformity ofthe lesser curve ofthe stomach US is the most useful (fig 29.7) CT shows the abscess with a somewhat irregular edge and low ... theliver parenchyma The lesions produced are single or multiple andof variable size The amoebic abscess is usually about the size of an orange The most frequent site is in the right lobe, often...
... laterally over the gallbladder down to the duodenum, to the hepatic flexure ofthe colon and even to the right lobe ofthe liver, perhaps closing the foramen of Winslow In a milder form, a band of tissue ... stasis, inflammation and gallstones [7] They are of importance to the radiologist and to thebiliaryand hepatic transplant surgeon Anomalies ofthebiliarytreeandliver may be associated with congenital ... anomaly the gallbladder lies under the left lobe ofthe liver, to the left ofthe falciform ligament This may be caused by the gallbladder migrating to a position under the left lobe ofthe liver...
... usually used The left lobe ofthe donor liver is excised andthe right lobe anastomosed to the portal vein, inferior vena cava and aorta ofthe recipient The donor liver hypertrophies andthe recipient’s ... into theliver They cause complete obstruction ofthe extra-hepatic bile ducts with intra-hepatic biliary dilatation and enlargement oftheliverThe gallbladder is collapsed and flaccid If the ... which there is no acceptable, alternative therapy The patient andthe family must understand the magnitude ofthe undertaking and be prepared to face the difficult early postoperative period and...
... to the cervical and vaginal mucosa When these are removed, slight oozing occurs There may be both erythema and edema ofthe vulva and vagina The discharge with Candida infection has a pH of 4–5 ... acne, and symptoms are soreness and local swelling, edema, CHAPTER 20 DISORDERSOFTHE VULVA AND VAGINA 581 cellulitis, and suppuration ofthe groin Involvement of apocrine glands establishes the ... in origin Nonetheless, cancer ofthe vulva may arise also from the urethra, glandular elements ofthe vulva, or mucosa ofthe lower third ofthe vagina Vulvar cancers are intraepithelial or invasive...
... infusion The study by Krejci and colleagues therefore raises the question of whether AVP compares favorably with catecholamines In a complementary investigation the same group compared the regional ... Krejci and colleagues confirm that the unrestricted use of even ‘low-dose’ AVP may result in ‘overconstriction’, in particular in the hepato-splanchnic region andthe kidney Furthermore, the authors’ ... activation ofthe inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase) probably did not assume major importance Finally, as the authors themselves acknowledge, although labelled ‘low dose’, the infusion...
... crops and it is one ofthe ten top export commodities of Thailand The area of rubber production has expanded from the South to the Eastern region, the Northeast andthe North In the Northeast, ... concessions, how they came about and how they have developed In the context ofthe management and use of forest and land resources in the midst ofthe transition process of economic development ofthe country ... Decree on the Management and Use of Land and Forests 1993, the Decree on Land and Forest Classification for planting trees and conservation ofthe forest 1994, the Forestry Law 1996, the Land Law...
... hear, and to distinguish the ugly andthe beautiful, the bad andthe good, pleasant and unpleasant It is the brain too which is the seat of madness and delirium, ofthe fears and frights which assail ... volumes ofthe head and medial surface ofthe hippocampus andthe dorsal and ventral surfaces ofthe amygdala Volumes of these subregions declined with age in the GTS group but not in controls, so the ... disordersand diseases ofthe brain, the advances in brain research provide hope in the form of their own understanding of what is going wrong and in the form of advances in novel therapies which...
... and showed wall thickening There was a palpable mass felt on the surface ofthe gallbladder neck portion The patient underwent surgical resection ofthe gallbladder andthe left lobe oftheliver ... tumor ofthe gallbladder and liver: a case report World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2011 9:84 Conclusions We report the first case of synchronous double primary malignancies of gallbladder andliver ... Young Jung and Jeong Won Kim made up the surgical and pathological team involved in the case Jae Pil Jung and Ji Won Kim wrote and edited the manuscript All authors read and approved the final...
... understanding ofthe anatomy and function ofthe ear andthe auditory nervous system, and it discusses the cause and treatment of hearing disorders Most books on hearing focus either on the anatomy ... coverage ofdisordersofthe auditory system emphasizing the interaction between pathologies ofthe middle ear andthe cochlea andthe function ofthe nervous system and vice versa Hyperactive disorders ... accumulated about the function ofthe cochlea than of any other sensory organ C H A P T E R Anatomy ofthe Ear ABSTRACT 10 The ear consists ofthe outer ear, the middle ear andthe inner ear The outer...
... at the entrance ofthe ear canal compared with the sound pressure that is measured in the place ofthe head The effect ofthe head on the sound at the entrance ofthe ear canal is related to the ... between the effective area ofthe tympanic membrane andthe area ofthe stapes footplate, but the lever ratio ofthe middle ear bones also contributes The ratio of areas ofthe BOX 2.2 SOUND DELIVERED ... remarkable in the light ofthe FIGURE 2.12 (A) Average displacements ofthe umbo, the head ofthe stapes andthe lenticular process ofthe incus (B) The lever ratio at 124 dB SPL at the tympanic...
... in the ventral parts ofthe MGB ofthe thalamus, the nonclassical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medial division ofthe MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] These divisions ofthe MGB receive their ... near the frequency of a formant will show a periodic pattern with the frequency ofthe formant The spectra of these histograms show harmonics ofthe fundamental frequency ofthe vowel andthe ... between the classical andthe non-classical routes andthe lateral nucleus ofthe amygdala (AL), showing the “high route” andthe “low route” Connections between the basolateral (ABL) andthe central...
... The caudal portion ofthe floor ofthe lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface ofthe dorsal cochlear nucleus andthe rostral portion ofthe floor ofthe lateral recess is the dorsal surface of ... difference between the latency ofthe N1 ofthe AP and that ofthe response from the intracranial portion ofthe auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the recording ... the latency ofthe first peak in the dipole andthe length is the relative strength ofthe dipoles Note the short distance between the two first dipoles (peak I and II ofthe ABR) andthe third...
... and standard error ofthe mean are shown as a function ofthe intensity ofthe noise The TTS was measured 20 s after the end ofthe exposure In this study the noise exposure consisted of a band ... basis ofthe elevation ofthe hearing threshold in disordersofthe middle ear andthe cochlea but the effect on the function ofthe nervous system may affect speech discrimination Impairment of speech ... decreases the input to the cochlea and thereby decreases the contraction ofthe stapedius muscle, and that in turn causes the input to the cochlea to again increase, and that increases the contraction...
... increase the sensitivity and frequency selectivity ofthe ear (cf Chapter 3) The widening ofthe tuning ofthe basilar membrane broadens the “slices” ofthe spectrum of broad band sounds from which the ... spectrum The amount of acquired hearing loss depends not only on the intensity ofthe noise andthe duration of exposure but also on the character ofthe noise (frequency spectrum and time pattern) The ... perpendicular to the surface ofthe flat portion ofthe incudo-stapedial joint and that does not cause any movement ofthe incus and thus no displacement ofthe tympanic membrane If the pressure in the perilymphatic...