Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems_Benefits and Risks Episode 1 Part 5 potx

... 64, 67, 68, 72, 111 , 129 , 158, 164, 166, 187, 188, 1 92, 198, 199, 20 1, 20 4, 20 6, 20 7 20 9, 21 7, 22 5, 23 5, 23 7, 24 2, 24 7, 24 9, 25 0, 25 2, 25 5, 25 9, 27 9, 28 5, 29 7, 313, 326 , 365, 404, 425 –456, 467, ... 173, 184, 194–195, 196 20 9, 21 6, 21 8, 22 5, 22 7, 23 1, 23 2, 23 5 23 8, 24 0 24 5, 25 2, 25 4 25 6, 27 4 27 5, 28 0, 28 9, 303, 3 12 31...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... Practice and Proposed Methodology 2 31 Tom Gangwer ix Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems 2 D. Pimentel Table 1. 1 Fossil and solar energy use in the U.S. and world (quads = 10 15 BTU) ... Forestry, Syracuse, New York, NY 13 210 , USA, e-mail: chall@esf.edu xix David Pimentel Editor Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Sy...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... petroleum-derived fuels will not last for very long. 22 T.W. Patzek 20 00 20 20 20 40 20 60 20 80 21 0 0 21 2 0 21 4 0 21 6 0 21 8 0 22 00 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 Petroleum, EJ/Year 27 0 billion gallons of ethanol ... the remaining 21 billion gallons of ethanol come from each year? Sources: DOE EIA, Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) 18 80 19 00 19 20 19...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... 2 .3 The 20 03 US NPP by ground cover class Class a Area a 20 03 US NPP b Root:shoot c 10 6 ha 10 6 tha 1 yr 1 1 Cropland +Mosaic d 219 8 93 0. 31 8 2 Grassland 12 3 6 03 4.224 3 Mixed forest 38 11 59 ... classes Class a Area a 20 03 US NPP b HHV c 10 6 ha 10 6 tha 1 yr 1 EJ yr 1 1 Cropland +Mosaic 219 14 84.8 25.2 2 Pastures 12 3 14 2 .3 2.4 3 Remote...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... 5 .4 1, 603.00 12 .1 4, 307.65 30.2 Feed 5, 842 .09 50.2 6 , 14 0.83 46 .4 5,657. 81 39.7 Food 780. 24 6.7 829.90 6.3 8 61. 69 6.0 HFCS 529.75 4. 6 528.60 4. 0 530.38 3.7 Other 18 5 1. 6 19 0.20 1. 4 19 6.52 1. 4 Seed ... 6.0 7.0 8.0 19 81 19 82 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... of fuel 1 1. 45 1. 75 1. 40 1. 70 1. 45 1. 75 1. 40 1. 70 Subsidy per MMBtu 12 .55 15 . 15 12 . 45 15 . 05 12 .70 15 .30 12 . 15 14 . 75 Subsidy per GJ 11 .90 14 . 35 11 .80 14 . 25 12 . 05 14 .50 11 .50 13 . 95 Subsidy as share ... displaced Low estimate 3 05 300 310 2 95 High estimate 1 (600) (59 5) (6 05) (58 5) Cellulosic hypothetical case – low 11 0 11 0 1...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... 19 26, Tryon 19 27, Cottrell 19 55, Boulding 19 66 , Georgescu Roegan 19 71, Odum 19 71, Daly 19 77, Herendeen and Bullard 19 75, Hannon 19 81, Kummel 19 82, Kummel 19 89, Jorgenson 19 84 and 19 88, Hall 19 91, ... Forecasting the limits to the availability and diversity of global conventional oil supplies. Energy, 29, 16 73 16 96. Hannon B. (19 81) . Analysis of the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... × 0.34 = 11 .2% of fossil fuels. And since fossil fuels supply 86% of all energy used in the U.S., this 11 .2% is 0 .11 2% ì0.86 = 10 % of total energy used. 12 . Dr. Smallwood and K. Thelander reported ... http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf /solar. renewables/page/trends/table 11. html, and outputs from Table 12 at http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf /solar. renewables/page/trends/table12....

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... Pimentel and Pimentel, 19 79; Morowitz, 19 79; Costanza, 19 80 ; Herendeen, 19 81 ; Smil, 19 83 ; 19 88 ). The term energy analysis, rather than energy accounting, was officially coined at the IFIAS workshop ... workshop of 19 74 (IFIAS, 19 74). The second energy cri- sis” in the 80 s led to a second wave of studies in the field (Costanza and Heren- deen, 19 84 ; Watt, 1...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... 2005; Cleveland et al., 19 84, 2000; Costanza and Herendeen, 19 84; Gever et al., 19 91 ; Hall et al., 19 86; Jorgenson, 19 88; Kaufmann, 19 92 ). This literature is extremely 8 Complex Systems Thinking and Renewable ... ecology (Ayres and Simonis, 19 94 ; Duchin, 19 98 ; Martinez-Alier, 19 87), in particular in the field of matter and energy flow analysis (Adriaanse e...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... boilers 7965 (12 45) 7325 (11 45) 7066 (11 04) 7706 (12 04) Intermediate 87 71 (13 70) 813 1 (12 70) 7872 (12 30) 8 512 (13 30) Advanced 9605 (15 01) 8965 (14 01) 8706 (13 60) 9346 (14 60) Values in parenthesis ... (P 2 O 5 ) 23.0 kg 1 0. 61 per Kg 14 .0kg Potassium (K 2 O) 13 2.0 kg 1 0.44 per kg 58.1kg Lime 15 00.0 kg 1 0 .13 per kg 19 5.0kg Herbicides 0.5 kg 2 17 .20 per kg 8....

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... 12 Agriculture 2 3 14 3.33 10 +3 6 .29 10 +2 1 out of 1 Biofuel Production 3 1 13 7.84 ì 10 +2 1. 06 10 +2 2 out of 2 32 1 1. 12 10 +2 nv Net Greenhouse Gas Emission: 48 4 .23 10 +3 6.38 10 +2 4 out of 15 a values ... Wet milling: E Ce = E DCe +E WCe 10 0 1 8 NEB Ce = EG Ce EL IC EL C EL Ce = 2. 8 3.8 ì 10 +6 Btu/Acre 19 70 21 827 3 21 4 19...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... payments, the land is planted in grasses, legumes and trees for management as wetlands, wildlife habitat, windbreaks, etc. 28 2 E. Kessler Table 11.1 Approximate heats of combustion and CO 2 emissions ... 1 42 34 61000 135000 zero Methane 55 13 23 900 525 00 49 Natural gas 54 13 23 000 5 120 0 49 Propane 50 12 21500 47400 63 M =one million; J =joules; 1kg-cal =3.96BTU; 1g-cal =4...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... Nebraska 68 038 –0 136 . Clery, D. (20 06). ITER’s $ 13 Billion Gamble, Science, 31 4, 5797, 23 8 24 2. Congressional Research Service (20 05). Alcohol Fuels Tax Incentives, CRS Order Code RL2979. 12 A Framework for Energy ... Bulletin, XX, 2. 5ff. Zweibel, K., Mason, J., & Fthenakis, V. (20 08). A Solar Grand Plan. American Scientist, 29 8, 1, 64– 73. 29 2 E. Kessler fewer...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... 47 8.9 Seeds a 20 00.0 kg 25 2 .2 Herbicides 3 .20 kg 45 1.66 144 5.3 Insecticides 0 . 24 kg 363.83 87.3 Vinasse disposal 180 m 3 3. 64 656.0 Transport of consumables b 820 .0 kg 27 6.8 Cane transport c 24 .7L 47 .73 20 58.0 Total ... 4. 00 1.37 2. 92 139 .4 Interow weeding Valmet 1580 9 .20 2. 05 4. 49 21 4. 3 Application of herbicides Ford 46 10 4. 00 3.30 1 .21 57.9 T...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20