Muller A History of Thermodynamics The Doctrine of Energy and Entropy phần 7 ppt

... anyway to calculate the potential energy of a gas sphere with radius R and mass M r , cf. Insert 7. 6: 220 7 Radiation Thermodynamics On the other hand, a body with the temperature T= 298K, the ... conditions are stationary, cf. Insert 7. 5. In that case the sources may be calculated from the balance of in- and effluxes of entropy and energy, and it...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... also the NASA X-ray observatory which is called Chandrasekhar observatory, and a minor planet,– one of about 15000 – which was named Chandra in 1958. Fig. 10.2. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ... to the incoming radiation. 21 75 % of that radiative power reaches the earth’s surface and a plant leaf absorbs 65% of that, primarily the red and yellow part of the s...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... the same time – of a related paradox of shear motion. And then, after rational thermodynamics appeared, Müller and I-Shih Liu (1943– ) 73 formulated the first theory of rational extended thermo- dynamics, ... The Cattaneo equation Cattaneo 70 changed that argument slightly. He argued that there is a time- lag between the start of the particles at their poi...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... at all times. For the purpose we need field equations and these are based upon the equations of balance of mechanics and thermodynamics, viz. the conser- vation laws of mass and momentum, and ... law. This is true, if the gas is at rest in an inertial frame. But then we take the cylinders and the gas and put them on a carousel with the axis of rotation...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... became the last inspector of the Luftwaffe in the war and then the first inspector of the after-war Luftwaffe in 1956. 43 P.D. Straffin: “Game Theory and Strategy.” New Mathematical Library. The ... conjectured that all substances have critical points and that these points had escaped the attention of thermodynamicists only, because they were far out of the usu...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... temperature and heat, and energy and work. And, if there is to be an extrapolation of entropy to a foreign field, it must be accompanied by the appropriate extrapolations of temperature and heat and ... was as far from the beaten track as Russia. 1 As a postdoctoral fellow Gibbs had had a six year period of study in France and Germany, before he became a...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... means that the realization where all atoms sit in the same place and have the same velocity is just as probable as the realization that has the first N 1 atoms sitting in one place (x,c) and ... started to understand polymers and to use their understanding to develop a thermal equation of state for rubber. The kinetic theory of rubber is a masterpiece of therm...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... independent of V in an ideal gas and a linear function of t, so that the specific heats are constant. Because, he says: …we are naturally led to take the view that the mutual attraction of the particles… ... the thermal equation of state of ideal gases, – the law found by Boyle, Mariotte, Amontons, Charles, and Gay-Lussac. Daniel Bernoulli came from a family...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... 1856 and 1865 and later summarized and extended in two books, 58 the latter of which appeared posthumously. The practical impact of Faraday and Maxwell was enormous, although not immediate, and ... neither current nor charge but the fields are there, and they propagate as waves. Indeed, if we apply the curl-operator to the first and third Maxwell equation and m...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... century and early 20th century. The nature of heat and temperature was recognized, the conservation of energy was discovered, and the realization that mass and energy are equivalent provided a new ... Stadtarzt, at the same salary, and in that capacity he had to treat the poor, – free of charge – and also the lower employees of the town, like the pr...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21