... phosphoinositol-3-kinase ⁄ Akt pathway and thecAMP pathway. Any phosphorylation is enough to trigger dissociation of BAD from the anti-apoptoticprotein Bcl-XL, inhibiting the pro-apoptotic activityof ... strategy, ATP isadded to the enzyme–substrate complex, together withan inhibitor that can trap the free enzyme [27]. In adistributive mechanism, the inhibitor traps the freeenzyme, stopping the reaction ... proofreading in receptor-mediated trans-duction of cellular signals: receptor aggregation, par-tially activated receptors, and cytosolic messengers.Bull Math Biol 64, 887–911.120 Torigoe C, Faeder...