Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 7 pdf

... understand the selective forces that have shaped energy storage and expenditure strategies. Such models have become standard in evolutionary and behavioral ecology (Stephens and Krebs 1986; Mangel and ... energeticdemands.Onnights with normal energetic costs, the model bird’s body mass is higher than needed, and hence 7 Energy Storage and Expenditure Anders Brodin and Colin...

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... interactions. 2 .7 The Behavioral Ecology of Information and Cognition Information problems connect behavioral ecology with basic behavioral mech- anisms such as learning, memory, and decision making. ... the long-term rate of patch encounter will control patch exploitation patterns, and that travel time patterns such as “long-short-long- short-long-short . . . ” will give the same...

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... stimulus. In an experiment that combined a delayed matching-to-sample and a delay- ed symbolicmatching-to-sample procedure, pigeonslearned to forgeta previ- ously presented sample (fig.4.5). This procedure ... without ap- parent trial -and- error learning. Although pulling and stepping may be an in- nate motor pattern in birds (see review in Thorpe 1963), several ravens never Cognition for...

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... in ecology in the late 1 970 s and 1980s and is described in sections 1.8 and 1.9 below. Stephens and Krebs (1986) used the idea of state dependence in two chapters and anticipated the still-growing ... general explana- tion for animals’ strong preference for immediacy. In an alternative approach, Stephens and colleagues (Stephens 2002; Ste- phens and Anderson 2001; Step...

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... agonist that most effectively mim- ics the effect of glutamate, including the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspar- tic acid) receptor and the AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- 4- isoxazoleproprionate) receptor. Neuropil ... maze, and choice by primates among concealed food sites are all components of natural foraging, or very similar to components of natural foraging. It is no accident that feed...

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... instance, that plug-flow reactors outper- form bothbatch and continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactorsfor a givenreactor volumeand when reactionsarecatalytic, but continuous-flow,stirred-tankre- actors outperform ... Structure and Function Foraging ecologists often consider gut morphology, digestion and absorption biochemistry, and the flow rate of food through the gut as constraints on...

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... oral behaviors (fig. 6.2.2), with wall-licking giraffes (Bashaw et al. 2001), tongue-rolling okapis, and dirt-eating Przewalski’s horses (e.g., Hintz et al. 1 976 ; Ganslosser and Brunner 19 97) just ... herbivore foraging behavior, we must under- stand the dynamics of plant growth. We need to become experts, not just on animal behavior, but also on plant growth and metabolism (or fin...

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... higher workload, and the mea- sured behavior should approach the predictions of the three rate-maximizing currencies. McNamara and Houston (19 97) give a general derivation and dis- cussion of this ... back- and- forth trips each day, delivering prey to fuel the growth of the nestlings. Better-fed broods grow faster and survive better. Orians and Pearson (1 979 ) invented the ter...

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... to reduce danger. To begin this chapter, I examine why foraging gain and danger are gen- erally linked, and I build a life history framework for modeling foraging and danger. I discuss how danger ... shapes of the trade-offs between danger, foraging, and fitness 318 Peter A. Bednekoff and control for differences in behavior may be too much to ask (see also Cuthill and Houst...

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... models and empirical tests can be found in Parker and Sutherland (1986), Milinski and Parker (1991), Kennedy and Gray (1993), Tregenza (1995), Tregenza et al. (1996), van der Meer and Ens (19 97) , and ... (Caraco 1981, 19 87; Caraco and Giraldeau 1991). To eval- uate this possibility, Koops and Giraldeau (1996) exploited the fact that rate-maximizing and variance-sensitive...

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