Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume III - South Asia - N pdf

... are killed for this feast, and it is the only time that pig fights are held. It occurs approximately every two or three years, when- ever village heads agree that they have the necessary resources (in pigs) to host one. Arts. Nicobarese songs are sung unaccompanied by instru- ments. Dancing is done in groups-on some islands males and females dance in separate groups. There is no Nicobarese tr...

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... had an estimated pop- ulation of 19,000,000 in 1990. Kathmandu is the capital, with other large cities being Patan, Morung, and Bhaktapur. One of the few Asian countries never under European con- trol, Nepal is an absolute monarchy, divided into fourteen ad- ministrative zones and seventy-five districts. The national language is Nepali and Hinduism is the national religion. Pakistan (Isla...

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... To me an ethnologist who speaks of the Aryan race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes and hair, is as great a sinner as a linguist who speaks of a dolichocephalic dictionary, or a brachyce- phalic grammar." For many centuries after their arrival in the Indo- Gangetic Plain, the Aryans lived as horsemen and cattle herders, clearing patches in the forests and inhabiting small villages, rather th...

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... he must learn to read the classical Arabic language) can eventually become the worship leader (mullah or imam) of a local mosque if so chosen by the congregation. Further study of the Quran and of Muslim law (the sharia) may qualify a man to be a religious leader with a wider following, greater stature, and sometimes significant political influence. Bengali 29 Roland, Joan (1989). Jews...

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... elders is stressed. Sociopolitical Organization Social Organization. Chakma society is hierarchically or- ganized on the basis of age, sex, occupation, power, religion, wealth, and education. An older person is invariably re- spected by a younger person. The husband is more powerful than the wife in the family; and a man is afforded more status outside the family. Power is unequally distrib...

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... old culture is comprised of three main layers: the Tamil-Malayalam substratum with its many subtle roots; old Sinhala culture and language, which is the dominant element; and the phase of Arabic in- fluence. But the Maldives were touched by every cultural wind that passed over the Indian Ocean. Since independence there has again been influence from Sri Lanka, through its teachers brought...

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... her deceased husband. Socialization. The ambition of every Gond woman is to bear a son. Barrenness in a woman is considered a curse. Preg- nancy and birth are surrounded with protective rites against magic spells and evil influences. Children are generally wel- come and treated with affection. Although sons are preferred, daughters are welcome too. Children grow up without much restriction,...

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... found as household servants and cooks, and in some cities in India they run public bathhouses. Hijras complain that in contemporary India their opportunity to earn a living by the respectable means of performing at marriages and births has declined, due to smaller families, less elaborate life-cycle ceremonies, and a general decline in the respect for traditional ritual specialists. Hijras...

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... provides the main means for introducing the Irula into broader civilization. Unfortu- nately, most Irula have thus far abandoned the formal educa- tional institutions in the lower stages. Sociopolitical Organization Social Organization. In the tribal manner, the Irula main- tain an open and free society. Each hamlet or village has a headman (gaundan or muppan) whose role is not to control fro...

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... are making themselves felt as a distinctive presence within the wider South Asian migrant community overseas. See also Bania Bibliography Banks, Marcus (1992). Organizing Jainism in India and Eng- land. London: Oxford University Press. Carrithers, Michael, and Caroline Humphrey, eds. (1991). The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press. Dundas, Paul...

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