Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume III - South Asia - K doc

... Crooke. 1920. London: Oxford University Press. Numerous reprints. PAUL HOCKINGS Tyler, Stephen A. (1972). "Fields Are for Planting: Notes on Koya Agriculture." In Proceedings of the Seminar on Tribal Studies, edited by D. P. Sinha. New Delhi: Government of India Press. STEPHEN A. TYLER Kurumbas Kshatriya ETHNONYMS: Alu-Kurumbas, Betta-Kurumbas, Jenu-Ku- rumbas, Kurubas, Mudugas,...

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... that life continues be- yond the grave, in a land where each of the uyus has its indi- vidual abode. When one dies, his or her soul is taken to the domain of the uyu who was the cause of death. An individual enjoys the same status and life-style that he or she had while alive. For this reason the deceased is provided with food, drink, possessions, and other tools and provisions to ensur...

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... as many ways as possible. The laity support the wandering ascetics, providing them with food and shelter, the ascetics in turn provide religious and moral guidance. Lay Jains include some of India's leading industrialists, jewelers, and bankers, concentrated particularly in the cities of Bombay, Ahme- dabad, and Delhi. Because so many are businesspeople, the Jains are one of the fe...

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... Puri and Ganjam districts, with houses almost in a continuous chain on both sides of the intervening village path and with kitchen gardens at the back of the houses. Cultivated fields surround the settlement. In the cluster pattern each house has a compound with fruit trees and a kitchen garden. The Scheduled Castes live in lin. ear or cluster hamlets slightly away from the main -settleme...

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... of the Pathans to Islam were also called "Sayyids" if they came from the west, and 'Sheikhs" if they came from the east; hence, doubtless, many Pathans falsely claim Sayyid origin. In Afghanistan the Sayyids control much of the commerce, as their holy charac- ETHNONYMS: Adivasis, Backward Classes The Indian constitution (1949) created broad categories of underprivile...

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... Contents Project Staff vi Contributors vii Preface xiii Introduction xix Maps 1. South Asia xxviii 2. Cultural Regions of South Asia xxix 3. Major Languages of South Asia xxx 4. Dominant Religious Groups of South Asia xxxi 5. Cultural Groups of South Asia xxxii Cultures of South Asia 1 Appendix: Additional Castes, Caste Clusters, and Tribes 309 Bibliograph...

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... are prominent in government service, financial serv- ices, and politics. Industrial Arts. Any needs that Brahmans and Chhetris experience for craft and industrial products are met by lower- ranked artisan castes, such as blacksmiths, tailors, and leather workers. Trade. In rural areas Brahmans and Chhetris typically rely on others, such as Newar shopkeepers, for their commercial requirements....

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... a diviner has identified what is to be done. There are all manner of private curing rituals, and these are held by whomever knows how, not by professionals; they tend to involve sacrifices to intruding spirits, soul recall- ing, and the leaving of miniature images of wealth outside the village for the spirits. There are few definite seasonal calen- drical ceremonies, but village rites m...

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... old culture is comprised of three main layers: the Tamil-Malayalam substratum with its many subtle roots; old Sinhala culture and language, which is the dominant element; and the phase of Arabic in- fluence. But the Maldives were touched by every cultural wind that passed over the Indian Ocean. Since independence there has again been influence from Sri Lanka, through its teachers brought...

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... her deceased husband. Socialization. The ambition of every Gond woman is to bear a son. Barrenness in a woman is considered a curse. Preg- nancy and birth are surrounded with protective rites against magic spells and evil influences. Children are generally wel- come and treated with affection. Although sons are preferred, daughters are welcome too. Children grow up without much restriction,...

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