Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - N ppt
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - N ppt
... these
two
individuals
and
their
children.
The
traditional
leader
of
each
sib
was
the
chief,
who
was
the
oldest
brother
or
son
of
the
oldest
female
clan
member
most
closely
related
to
the
founding
ancestress.
The
chief
con-
trolled
land
use
and
usufruct,
organized
work
groups,
ap-
proved
marriages,
settled
disputes,
oversaw
rituals,
organized
clan
contributions
to
ceremonial
exchanges,
and...
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - Overview pptx
... in
continual
evolu-
tion,
influenced
in
part
by
dynamic
interaction
with
speakers
of
Papuan
languages,
and
there
is
much
controversy
among
linguists
regarding
lower-level
groupings,
especially
for
those
Austronesian
languages
spoken
in
Melanesia.
The
largest
and
most
complex
major
group
of
languages
in
Oceania
consists
of
the
Papuan
languages.
There
are
over
700
distinct
Papuan
langua...
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - O ppt
... 60
'JUClrUxt
by
Western
standards,
children
are
indulged.
Parents
fre-
quently
play
with
children,
and
they
do
not
order
them
about;
even
small
children
enjoy
a
considerable
freedom
of
will
and
action.
Children
learn
by
watching
and
imitating
the
actions
of
their
elders.
They
have
very
few
'duties."
Young
men
pass
through
a
series
of
age
grades
that
traditionally
included...
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - U ppt
... a
lesser
extent
than
in
the
highlands.
Although
most
Usino
men
have
engaged
in
contractual
labor
on
the
coast
for
a
year
or
two,
at
present
Usino
access
to
wage
labor
is
minimal.
Until
the
late
1980s,
attempts
at
commercial
pro-
duction
of
coffee,
rice,
and
peanuts
were
unsuccessful,
and
cattle
projects
have
engendered
few
profits.
Industrial
Arts.
Usino
people
traditionally
manufactured
ca...
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - A pdf
... the
repetitive
agricultural
chores
such
as
weeding.
Men
worked
with
stone
and
wood,
constructing
tools
and
weapons,
and
women
worked
with
clay
and
plant
fi-
bers,
making
pots,
mats,
baskets,
and
fiber
skirts.
Today,
fam-
ilies
continue
to
cooperate
in
agriculture.
Land
Tenure.
In
traditional
times
Kanaks
maintained
in-
dividual
rights
to
land.
They
were
of
four
types:
(1)
First
occupation
r...
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - B pot
... the
islands
when
they
wished
to
com-
municate,
and
European
missionaries
chose
Bau
for
transla-
tion
of
the
Bible.
Europeanized
Bauan,
sometimes
also
called
Old
High
Bauan,
has
now
become
the
basis
for
Standard
Fi-
jian,
which
is
in
the
Oceanic
Branch
of
Austronesian
languages.
History
and
Cultural
Relations
Although
Fiji
has
been
inhabited
for
at
least
3,500
years,
much
intervening
histo...
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - C doc
... an
able
leader.
Sociopolitical
Organization
Political
Organization.
In
the
precolonial
era
law
and
pol
itics
were
dominated
by
competition,
and
often
violent
con-
flict,
between
big-men
who
were
at
the
centers
of
factions
fo-
cused
on
their
own
little
sinangge.
These
men
were
expected
to
protect
their
followers
from
external
violence
and
to
assist
them
in
getting
revenge
or
compensation;
th...
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - D potx
... has
been
continued
and
intensified
by
the
Indonesian
govern-
ment
since
19 62.
ETHNONYMS:
Akhuni,
Konda,
Ndani,
Pesegem
Orientation
Identification.
Dani
is
a
general
term
used
by
outsiders
for
peoples
speaking
dosely
related
Papuan
(Non-Austronesian)
languages
in
the
central
highlands
of
Irian
Jaya,
Indonesia
(formerly
Netherlands
New
Guinea,
West
New
Guinea,
Irian
Barat).
Location.
The
va...
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - E potx
... a
person
leads
to
emo-
tional
distress
among
others
and
is
spontaneously
and
cere-
monially
lamented,
sometimes
for
months.
The
corpse
tradi-
tionally
was
placed
in
a
tree
and
protected
against
rainfall
with
bark
and
leaves.
After
mummification
the
body
was
put
under
the
roof
of
a
garden
house.
Later,
in
a
third
ceremony,
the
bones
were
placed
under
rock
shelters.
The
complete
cycle
of
ce...
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - F potx
... the
early
1950s,
a
Lutheran
mission
was
founded
at
Tarabo,
the
colonial
government
opened
a
patrol
post
at
Okapa,
and
various
new
garden
crops,
domesticated
animals,
items
of
clothing,
and
other
manufactured
goods
were
intro-
duced.
Also,
subsistence
activities
began
to
be
augmented
by
a
nascent
commercial
economy.
The
first
coffee
seedlings
were
planted
in
1955,
and
Fore
men
began
to
ventu...
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