The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 66 potx

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 107 ppsx

... gnosticism; language,history of the philosophy of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the phil-osophy of; metaphysics, history of; mind, history of the philosophy of; ... language, historyof the philosophy of; law, history of the philosophy of;macrocosm and microcosm; materialism; mathemat-ics, history of the philosophy of; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, history ... problems of the philosophy of; scientism philosophy and the public popular philosophy philosophy and theology see theology and philosophy philosophy and war see war and philosophy philosophy of...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 11 potx

... has come to be used, perhaps, to put a good face on the largess of the better-off to the worse-off. It therebyintroduces doubts about the moral value of benevolence. The question of the moral ... best understood if wetake the primacy of the economic to be an assertion notabout causal inﬂuences but about historical tendencies. The Marxian theory holds that human history makes the most ... desire, and the differences between themfeatures the notion of direction of ﬁt. It is said that the deﬁning aim of belief is to ﬁt the world, whereas that ofdesire is to get the world to ﬁt it....

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 18 potx

... ‘concrete’,namely ‘particular’ and ‘non-abstract’, should not be runtogether. The deliberate use of the idea of a concrete universal isdue to Hegel, for whom the ‘I’, the ‘now’, the ‘spirit of ... for the Protestant Reformation,even to the point of refusing to recognize its contributions to science the overall effect of change up through the stages is progressive.Looking therefore at the ... 1973).Alec Nove, The Economics of Feasible Socialism (London, 1983).communitarianism. The thesis that the *community,rather than the individual, the state, the nation, or anyother entity, is...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 26 potx

... wish-ing to extend to the many the rigorous intellectual educa-tion hitherto enjoyed only by the few.But it ran into difﬁculties. These were partly speciﬁc—about whether, for instance, there ... valued ﬁeld to devote themselves to the devel-opment of their talent. To object to this in itself seems, asNietzsche urged, to be little more than a symptom of envyon the part of the untalented. ... lifelong learning, the natureof mathematical education, the teaching of history, the Internet, and a host of other speciﬁc topics to say nothingof more grandiose abstract inquiries into the challenges...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 35 potx

... errors, and the behaviour of the patient towards the therapist in the analytic setting ( the transference’),they uncovered the repressed pathogenic material. Thismaterial was found to display ... ‘repression’, these states are subject to transform-ations which render them unrecognizable by the subjectand may have pathological consequences. The convictionthat, when the subject came to stand to these ... what their needs and interests will be, and so on.And there is a further question whether, because there arepresumably so many of them relative to us, we are entitled to apply a discount rate to...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 46 potx

... fact more important to modern set theory than the inﬁnite cardinals. But there is no space to describe themhere. d.b.*numbers.G. Cantor, Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of TransﬁniteNumbers, ... provoking Anaxagoras to hold that there was no smallest quantity of anything, and the Greek atomists to the opposite opinion. But the atom-ists showed no fear of the inﬁnitely large, as they positedan ... theoryand political philosophy is the question how the basic indi-vidual is to be construed. Is the person to be understood asan independent atomic particular whose connectionswith others are consensual...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 47 potx

... 443theological dispute as to how objective the principles ofethics are, but this did not really become part of the debatein philosophy. The latter took off when the views of Platoand Aristotle ... intuitionismhas been taken to be a form of pluralism, pluralism in the theory of the right. Monists in the theory of the right saythat there is only one way in which an action can get to beright. Kant ... Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine(London, 1991).Irish philosophy. There has been only one period of con-tinuous, creative philosophy in Ireland—from the 1690s to the 1750s. Before that the only...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 54 potx

... In the ancient world, par-ticularly among the Greeks, to be free was to be able to participate in the government of one’s city. The laws werevalid only if one had had the right to take part ... artiﬁcialleviathan, the state, needs to have absolute power. The book is divided into four parts: the ﬁrst provides anaccount of persons prior to the state; the second showshow the state must be constructed to ... Itmay invite the retort that the meaning of our lives is whatwe care to give them; we cannot expect meanings to behanded to us on a plate, and even if they were, what usewould they be to us? God...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 59 potx

... applied to the material world or, in otherwords, to show how the subject-matter of mathematics isrelated to the subject-matter of the sciences, and how the methodology of mathematics ﬁts into the ... of the philosophy of.Stewart Shapiro, Thinking about Mathematics (Oxford, 2000).mathematics, philosophy of, problems of. The aim of the philosophy of mathematics is to provide an account of the ... logic.mathematics, history of the philosophy of. Many areasof philosophy owe their beginning to Plato, and the phil-osophy of mathematics is a star example. It was he who ﬁrstreﬂected on the fact that the geometers...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 66 potx

... later recipientof the name to use it successfully to refer to the individualoriginally named by it is that each speaker in the chainshould use it with the intention to refer to the same indi-vidual ... has as its goal the attempt to persuade people to obey the law and thereby to avoid civil war. For civil war leads to the state of nature with all of the horrors mentioned in the above quote. ... conditions, these objects have the properties they appear to have. If a pickle tastes sour, the sun looks orange, and the water feels hot, then, if condi-tions are normal, the pickle is sour, the sun...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 70 potx

... self-assurance the Other opens the ques-tion of ethics. The priority of the Other becomes equiva-lent to the primacy of ethics over ontology.Questions have been raised about this conception of the Other. ... the philosophy of the Other was freed from the epi-stemological problematic. In Totality and Inﬁnity Levinascharged previous philosophy, including that of Husserl,with reducing the Other to ... notion of the Other is also used by other Europeanthinkers in a broader sense. Death, madness, the unconscious are all said to be Other. In each case the chal-lenge of the Other is the same:...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 77 potx

... substance of philosophy in the long epoch from the reign of Alexander the Great to the fall of the Roman Empire. The Stoics and Epicureansdid not wholly ignore logic and ‘physics’, which Aristotlesaw ... as making up philosophy, together with ethics. But,especially in the Roman period, in Epictetus, Seneca, andothers, the ethical element was overwhelming.In the Middle Ages, only the clergy were ... philosophy, which was to be found in ancient Greece with Plato’s Academy, Aris-totle’s Lyceum, and the other Athenian schools; emergedagain, by way of cathedral schools, in the medieval efﬂorescence...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 82 potx

... withoutrelata to complete them. So conceived, relations no morerequire additional relations to connect them to their relatathan bricks require additional bricks to connect them to their shapes. ... either (or any) of the related terms separately it seems that they must reallybe a property of the whole the terms make up together, sothat, if every item in the world is related to every other,then, ... signiﬁcance to the passions only by ‘direct-ing’ our aversion to pain, or our propensity to pleasure, to those things that we take to be causally related to them.Hume may have inherited the expression...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 84 potx

... intrinsic to their own natures, and independentlyof the good’. Yet it seems hard to accept that the right hasno relation to the good’. One solution is to suggest that the right is indeed a means to ... made to hold down the costs of achieving it. But most revolutionaries wouldprobably argue that the changes they intend require a his-torical break the total defeat of the old regime and the seizure ... backwards downhill. There is nothing intrin-sic to the picture that determines that it is a picture of the ﬁrst kind rather than the second. We therefore have threechoices: either the picture represents...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 92 potx

... sense of the whole world and of individual lives by ﬁtting themtogether as connected stories. Nations tell stories of theirpast in terms of which they try to shape their futures.(Such a story ... Passions del’âme uses the idea. When we talk now of the spiritual werefer to neither of these but typically to the kind of emo-tion one might have towards God or some other factorbeyond one’s material ... moralarbiter. The theory of the State as an association and some the- ories of nationalism have different approaches to the ques-tion which territory should make up the State. Forexample, the former...

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