The grammar of the english verb phrase part 117 pdf

... Cappelle. p. cm. − (The grammar of the English verb phrase ; v. 1) (Topics in English linguistics ; 60 .1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN -13 : 978-3 -11 - 018 589-8 (hardcover : ... paper) ISBN -10 : 3 -11 - 018 589-X (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. English language − Tense. 2. English language − Grammar. I. Reed, Susan, 19 59− II. Cappelle, Be...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... verb forms 22 A. Tense 22 1.14 Introduction 22 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24 1.18 The meanings of ... 25 1.19 Special uses of tenses 27 B. Aspect 28 1 .20 Introduction 28 1 .21 Perfective aspect 30 1 .22 Imperfective aspect 31 1 .23 Habitual aspect 33 1...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... speak of a noun phrase (NP) (e. g. all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14 look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequenc...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... form of will.) 1. 15 The formation of the present tense The forms of the present tense of all verbs except be and have are homopho- nous with the stem of the verb (e. g. underline), except in the ... underlines). (The stem is that part of the verb that remains con- stant in the different forms of the verb, e. g. unravel in unravels, unravelled, unrav...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... implicature of the past tense is due to the Gricean Maxim of Relation (better known as the Maxim of Relevance). Other things being equal Ϫ more specifically: if the clause is not couched in a piece of ... allow both readings: The miner walked through the tunnel inspecting the seam. This sentence may or may not be taken to mean that the miner reached the end of the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... realization of the future tense. In the following examples there is no real difference of meaning between will and be going to: Tomorrow there {will be / is going to be} frost in the northern part of ... equivalent, and that the difference between them is to be found in the constraints they impose on the processing in context of the utterance in which they occur”. The...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... also note the temporal rela- tion between the time of the full situation and the time of the predicated situa- tion (the situation time). The former contains the latter either in terms of inclusion ... length of the corresponding full situation. Thus in Meg watched the elephant from six to eight, the temporal adverbial locates the situation time (the time of...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... t 0 . Since these sentences with the future tense in the head clause and the present tense in the subclause are the nonpast counterparts of examples involving the conditional tense in the head expression ... t 0 . 8.24.1 We have argued that the tense structure (ϭ semantics) of the two kinds of past tense are quite different from each other: the semantics of the a...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... from such sources as the presence of temporal adverbials, the order of appearance of the clauses, the linguistic and extralinguistic context, his pragmatic knowledge of the world or, as will ... domain, either within the same time-zone or from one time-zone to another. When the shift of domain is within the same zone, the hearer may draw clues as to the temporal...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... W-simultaneous do- main: The result has often been that, after escaping the dangers of the widest seas, and the most violent storms, they wreck their ship in harbour. (www) The result has often been that ... me. (There is a meaning difference, because the situation time of loved may not include t 0 whereas the situation time of loves coincides with t 0 . The use of lov...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... the tense structure of the when-clause (ϭ the contained orientation time of the when -clause). This temporal structure, which is the semantics of when, can therefore be paraphrased as ‘at a /the ... analysis of the temporal structure expressed by when and examined the possibilities of tense choice in adverbial when-clauses and in the head clauses supporting them. T...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20

... noun phrase which has definite reference in the sense that the speaker assumes the hearer to be familiar with the expression (ϭ NP) in question, but not with the identity of the referent of the phrase. ... corresponds to the inclusion sense of the containment relation (between the pre-present zone and the situation time) that is part of the core meaning o...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20

... whereas the referential meaning of John walked to the church is the particular actualization of this kind of situation on a given past occasion. This particular actualization is the referent of the ... etc.). The denotation of a verb (e. g. walk) is a simple situation-template; the denotation of a verb phrase (e. g. walk to the church) is an enriched situatio...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20

... hypothesized or presup- posed. In John left, the referent of the noun phrase John is a particular person known as having the name John. The referent of a finite clause is the actualiza- tion of ... noun phrase: when used in Donnellan’s (1966) sense, said of a noun phrase which has definite reference in the sense that the speaker assumes the hearer to know the id...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20

... term for any of the four portions of time that together make up the two time-spheres: the three parts of the present time- sphere, namely the pre-present zone, the present zone and the post-present zone, ... between them) which represents a specific way of locating the actualization of a situation in time. For example, the tense struc- ture of the future tense...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20