The grammar of the english verb phrase part 92 doc

... verb forms 22 A. Tense 22 1.14 Introduction 22 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24 1.18 The meanings of ... 25 1.19 Special uses of tenses 27 B. Aspect 28 1 .20 Introduction 28 1 .21 Perfective aspect 30 1 .22 Imperfective aspect 31 1 .23 Habitual aspect 33 1...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... speak of a noun phrase (NP) (e. g. all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14 look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequenc...

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... having eaten). The point is that the time of orientation to which they relate the time of their situation does not have to be the temporal zero-point. It is criterial of tensed forms that they encode ... consisting of the initial letters of the terms negation, inversion, code and emphasis. The reference is to the four cases in which the English VP requires an aux...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... (and to the clauses denoting them), the literature also applies these labels to the verbs or verb phrases which typically refer to a particular group of situations. We read of ‘punctual verbs’, ‘durative ... Using the term verb phrase (VP) Strictly speaking, a verb phrase is a phrase (group of words) with a verb as head. Thus, the clause John presumably left the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... according to the length of the book or the size of the wall and is unspecified when the verb phrase write a book or build a wall is used). The other kind of measuring VP consists of verb phrases which ... characteristic of sen- tences (since the nature of the subject does not play a part in making the distinction) 20 but of verbs and verb phrases. In...

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... about other parts of the situa- tion or about the situation as a whole. In technical terms, what is located in the past is not the time of the full situation but the situation time (the time of the ... to manage to reach the addressee so quickly. In each of the clauses in the past tense, the speaker is concerned with one particular situation forming part of...

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... connection with the time of the full situation, the semantics of the present perfect is always The situation time is located in the pre-present zone’, i. e. The pre-present zone contains the situation ... interpretation. (The precondi- tion for the continuative reading Ϫ that the situation be homogeneous, in other words that the situation time can be a proper subpart...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... Compare: IV. More on the indefinite reading of the perfect 243 The following pair of examples also illustrates the rule that (on an indefinite interpretation) the time of actualization of the situation ... of the recession. 244 5. The absolute use of the present perfect Moreover, the present perfect can co-occur with the adverbials recently, lately, just and...

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... reading. The latter is the preferred interpretation if the sentence is used out of context.) The Johnsons have lived in London for three years now. (The presence of now in the adverbial means that the ... before, in the past, etc., this distance is as short as is allowed by the semantics and pragmatics of 290 5. The absolute use of the present perfect (a) On the...

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... is the resultant state that inevitably comes about when a situation is completed: the completion of the action of locking up the shop automatically (and immediately) produces the state of the ... present result and the second does not. What we can say is that the first suggests that the immediate effect on the world produced by the situation of locking up the s...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... Because the location of a situation time in the future is not the main meaning of these forms (reference to the present is at least as important and in some cases is the core temporal meaning) they ... That is, the source or cause of the actualization of the future situation is already pres- ent. The present ‘roots’ of the future situation may lie in an intention...

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... interpreted as following the situation of the previous clause. The first two of the above examples appear to be part of such a story with a linear temporal structure. The answers in the last two examples ... the temporal order of the situations is either irrelevant or recoverable in some other way, e. g. from the use of time adverbials, from the order in which...

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... to another time in a past domain, the past perfect is used. This is the case irrespective of whether the binding time is the ‘central orientation time’ (see 8.15) of the past domain or another ... e. the situation time of said.) The tense structure of the last example is represented by Figure 9.1. 9.1.1 The past perfect can express the same types of T-anteriority...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... hand, and the conditional tense or conditional perfect (effecting indirect binding), on the other. It follows that the distribution of the tenses in the latter option will be the same as the distribution ... which T-relates the writing to the situation time of will announce rather than to the situation time of will publish.) 16 16. Like the conditional tense (see...

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... structure of the head clause (the ‘con- tained orientation time of the head clause’) and an orientation time from the tense structure of the when-clause (the ‘contained orientation time of the when-clause’). ... structure, which is the semantics of when, can therefore be paraphrased as ‘at a /the time at which’. It is also argued that the when-clause can specify eit...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20