The grammar of the english verb phrase part 63 doc
The grammar of the english verb phrase part 2 doc
... verb forms 22 A. Tense 22 1.14 Introduction 22 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24 1.18 The meanings of ... 25 1.19 Special uses of tenses 27 B. Aspect 28 1 .20 Introduction 28 1 .21 Perfective aspect 301 .22 Imperfective aspect 311 .23 Habitual aspect 331 .24 Repetitive vs semelfactive aspect 351 .25 ... misunderstandings. Part III (ϭ sections 1.14Ϫ1 .27 ) is a brief over-view of tense and two other areas of meaningthat can be expressed by the use of verb formsin English and that interact with tense: the sys-tem...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 3 docx
... speak of anoun phrase (NP) (e. g.all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequences of these semantics both for the adverbial ... whether a clause refers to the performance of an action, the happening of an event, the development of a process or the existence of astate, we can say that the clause in question refers to the actualization...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 4 docx
... having eaten). The point is that the time of orientationto which they relate the time of their situation does not have to be the temporalzero-point. It is criterial of tensed forms that they encode ... consisting of the initialletters of the terms negation, inversion, code and emphasis. The reference is to the four cases in which the English VP requires an auxiliary. If there is noauxiliary, the ... a verb form’. A verb form consists either of a verb (in the form of a participle or infinitive) plus one or more auxiliaries(e. g. will see, would have seen) or of a (usually inflected) verb...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 8 doc
... (and to the clauses denotingthem), the literature also applies these labels to the verbs or verb phrases whichtypically refer to a particular group of situations. We read of ‘punctual verbs’,‘durative ... Using the term verb phrase (VP)Strictly speaking, a verb phrase is a phrase (group of words) with a verb ashead. Thus, the clause John presumably left the house contains the VP left the house. ... (Together with the adverb presumably, the VP forms the ‘predicateconstituent’, i. e. that part of the clause that is not the subject Ϫ see section1.7.) However, in John presumably left, the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 11 doc
... according to the length of the book or the size of the wall and is unspecified when the verb phrase write a book or build a wall is used). The other kind of measuring VP consists of verb phrases which ... characteristic of sen-tences (since the nature of the subject does not play a part in making the distinction)20but of verbs and verb phrases. In fact, various constituents of the verb phrase can ... on the level of the clause (which refersto actualization), the indication of the full length of a situation can also be the result of measuring the situation when the endpoint of the actualization...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 30 docx
... about other parts of the situa-tion or about the situation as a whole. In technical terms, what is located in the past is not the time of the full situation but the situation time (the time of the ... to manage to reach the addressee so quickly.In each of the clauses in the past tense, the speaker is concerned with one particularsituation forming part of the past sequence of situations resulting ... the THEN of a particular situation orset of situations but with the question whether the kind of situation referredto has or has not actualized (in a period leading up to t0). This kind of...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 34 doc
... connection with the time of the full situation, the semantics of the present perfect is always The situation time is located in the pre-present zone’, i. e. The pre-present zonecontains the situation ... interpretation. (The precondi-tion for the continuative reading Ϫ that the situation be homogeneous, inother words that the situation time can be a proper subpart of the time of the full situation ... the time of the predi-cated situation is included in the pre-present’) and ‘situation time up to t0’(ϭ the time of the predicated situation is co-extensive with the pre-present’). Eachof...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 36 docx
... Compare:IV. More on the indefinite reading of the perfect 243 The following pair of examples also illustrates the rule that (on an indefiniteinterpretation) the time of actualization of the situation ... of the recession.244 5. The absolute use of the present perfectMoreover, the present perfect can co-occur with the adverbials recently, lately,just and this minute, particularly in British English. This ... interpretation of the presentperfect is only possible when the precise temporal location of the situation time of the bygone situation remains indefinite. The moment this location is speci-fied, the past...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 43 docx
... reading. The latter is the preferred interpretation if the sentence is used out of context.) The Johnsons have lived in London for three years now. (The presence of now in the adverbial means that the ... before, in the past,etc., this distance is as short as is allowed by the semantics and pragmatics of 290 5. The absolute use of the present perfect(a) On the up-to-now reading, the time of the full ... not ‘in the last week’.)5.32.2 A point of similarity between the up-to-now reading and the indefinitereading is that they both imply that the situation time coincides with the time of the full...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 45 doc
... is the resultant statethat inevitably comes about when a situation is completed: the completion of the action of locking up the shop automatically (and immediately) produces the state of the ... presentresult and the second does not. What we can say is that the first suggests that the immediate effect on the world produced by the situation of locking up the shop still holds at t0, whereas the second ... door), the chance that the direct result still holds at t0decreasesaccording as the lapse of time between the bygone situation and the presentbecomes greater. This is true irrespective of whether...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 53 doc
... Because the location of a situation time in the future is not the main meaning of these forms (reference to the present is at least as importantand in some cases is the core temporal meaning) they ... That is, the source or cause of the actualization of the future situation is already pres-ent. The present ‘roots’ of the future situation may lie in an intention: She’sgoing to wash the elephant ... lying in the fu-ture, as in the above example.In part IV (ϭ sections 8.33Ϫ8.39) we draw anumber of theoretical conclusions based on the arguments adduced in the preceding part. Among other issues,...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 63 doc
... interpretedas following the situation of the previous clause. The first two of the aboveexamples appear to be part of such a story with a linear temporal structure. The answers in the last two examples ... the temporal order of the situations is either irrelevant or recoverable in someother way, e. g. from the use of time adverbials, from the order in which the situations are reported, from the linguistic ... linear tempo-ral structure. In the absence of these factors the interpretation of the temporalorder of the situations will be in accordance with the ‘Principle of UnmarkedTemporal Interpretation’...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 65 docx
... to another time in a pastdomain, the past perfect is used. This is the case irrespective of whether the binding time is the ‘central orientation time’ (see 8.15) of the past domain oranother ... e. the situation time of said.) The tense structure of the last example is represented by Figure 9.1.9.1.1 The past perfect can express the same types of T-anteriority as are ex-pressed by the ... receive the same temporal W-interpretation but they differ in the T-relations that theyexpress. In the former case had died temporally subordinates the situation time of the subclause to the situation...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 76 doc
... hand, and the conditional tense or conditional perfect(effecting indirect binding), on the other. It follows that the distribution of the tenses in the latter option will be the same as the distribution ... which T-relates the writing to the situation time of willannounce rather than to the situation time of will publish.)1616. Like the conditional tense (see the previous footnote), the future perfect ... place on the kind of clausethat is used to describe the bound situation.It is also worth noting that the sentences in (9), (11) and (12) are the exactpast time-sphere counterparts of the following...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 77 docx
... Outline of the distribution of the two systems 535II. Theoretical analysis of the Absolute Future System and the Pseudo-t0-System 53710.4 Characteristics of the two systems 53710.5 Summary of part ... represent the time of their situation aseither T-anterior or T-posterior to the central orientation time of the domainin question. That is, they establish a post-present domain and at the same ... tense forms, the future tense forms and the futurish verb formsrepresent the situation time of the situation referred to as the central orienta-tion time of a post-present domain. The absolute-relative...
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