... AccessResearch Validity and reliability of a new, short symptom rating scale in patients with persistent atrial fibrillationMarie Härdén1, Britta Nyström1, Károly Kulich2, Jonas Carlsson2, Ann ... satisfactory reliability and validity. BackgroundTo date there are few disease-specific instruments thatassess symptoms of atrial fibrillation (AF), and theyappear to be largely unvalidated and/ or ... environment of patients being assessed for DC and patients being eval-uated for pharmacological versus non-pharmacologicaltreatment, and the idea was to develop a short instrumentthat was easy to...