ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 9 docx

... these early workers. Newman and coworkers (McCloskey and Newman 199 6, Newman and McCloskey 199 6, Newman et al. 199 8, Ownby and Newman 2003, Tatara et al. 199 8) did this, using what they called a quantitative ... W, and Sb to Bi) (Fraústo da Silva and Williams 199 1, Jones and Vaughn 197 8). Hard metals are not as polarizable as soft metals. Other metals are intermediate to the soft and...

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... with orthodichlorobenzene-coated sand (Sparks 197 2). Amphibians have active dermal ion and gas exchange from water that is disrupted by contaminants. As an important example, some pyrethroid © 2008 by Taylor & ... 2004), nickel (Pane et al. 2004), zinc (Matthiessen and Brafield 197 3), endosulfan (Saravana Bhavan and Geraldine 2000), the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (Trienskorn et al....

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... causation or attributing relevance. Accordingly, the modified Janus context was advocated for optimal inference and organization of knowledge around paradigms at all levels of biological organization. ... aroundrigorouslytestedparadigms, and the consilience of concepts and paradigms among all hierarchical levels. The advantages of an autecological exploration of ecotoxicology were outlined in...

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... heavy metals and compares statistical results based on qualitative (relat- ive abundance) or quantitative (number/m 2 ) data. Analyses based on qualitative data were generally more variable and ... (Ferraro and Cole 199 5, Olsgard et al. 199 8, Vanderklift et al. 199 6, Warwick 199 3). For example, Bowman and Bailey ( 199 7) concluded that patterns of community structure were similar when ana...

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... other ecologically important taxa as a result of physical and chemical stressors affect ecosystem function at local and global scales (Chapin et al. 199 7). In this chapter, we consider the implications ... argue that the observed pattern is a sampling artifact resulting from inappropriate experimental designs and hidden treatment effects (Grime 199 7, Huston 199 7). An important rese...

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... United States of America on acid-free paper 1 098 7654321 International Standard Book Number-13 :97 8-0 -8 49 3-3 35 7-6 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded ... Plant-Related Processes 89 6.7 Summary 90 6.7.1 Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms 90 References 91 Chapter 7 Bioaccumulation 95 7.1 Overview 95 7.2 Upta...

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... approach drew on a well-established autecological approach and, in this case, produced a reasonable conclusion. They also adopted, with minimal adaptation, a technological paradigm from mammaliam ... even a cursory examination of the most popular ecotoxicology textbooks (e.g., Cockerham and Shane 199 4, Connell et al. 199 9, Landis and Yu 199 5, Newman 199 8, Walker et al. 2001) that...

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... genes can initiate carcinogenesis (Burdon 199 9). It can also accelerate the rate at which somatic mutations accumulate, and in doing so, accelerate the rate of aging. Genomic damage changes cell ... Phase I reactions (Slater 198 4). As a final example, enhanced oxidative damage at high metal concentrations occurs due to hydroxyl radical formation. In such a case, more metal ion is availab...

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... soma, they are also relatively unavailable for trophic transfer to grazers, predators, or parasites (Nott and Nicolaiduo 199 3, Wallace and Luoma 2003, Wallace et al. 2003). Let us examine details ... models of Dewanji et al. ( 198 9), Gart et al. ( 198 6), Hartley and Sielken ( 197 7), Moolgavkar ( 198 6), Moolgavkar et al. ( 198 8), and Muirhead and Darby ( 198 7). These models incorporate...

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... such as lead can be excreted via the mammalian liver by an active transport mechanism (Rozman and Klaassen 199 6). Abou-Donia et al. (2002) also make the generalization that a molecular weight greater ... Some contaminants such as metals and metalloids are lost via hair (e.g., Akagi et al. 199 5) or feathers (e.g., Becker et al. 199 4). Plants can eliminate contaminants by several avenues i...

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