... of the transformative capacity of racial hier-archies is the case of Chinese and Japanese Americans in California. In thelate 1800s and early 1900s, Asian Americans were arguably the mostdespised ... African Americans, American Indians, Asian Americans, andChicanas/os and Latinas/os, operated from a largely bipolar racial approachcentered on whites. In other words, the experience of, say, Asian ... depending upon how the lines of difference are drawn. In California, both today and in the past, they are primarily drawn racially.As Omi and Winant have pointed out, race remains a central organizingprinciple...