the mit press digital crossroads american telecommunications policy in the internet age mar 2005

... roles in cite check-ing, proofreading, creating the appendices (including the index), and devel-oping the diagrams. These included Mary Beth Caswell, Sarah Croog, JoelDion, Michael Drapkin, ... the MIT Press. Liz gave this project her vote of confidence, wasinstrumental in acquiring the manuscript on behalf of the Press, and thenread it from start to finish, providing invaluable insights ... Concerns and the Internet 149I. The History and Economics of Monpoly LeveragingConcerns in the Internet Marketplace 151A. The Computer Inquiries 151B. Monopoly leveraging concerns in a broadband...

... use in subsequent parts when analyzing the politicsof policy choice. In keeping with the general approach outlined in chapter 1, we preferto introduce these tools not in the abstract, but in the ... as a disciplining device, even in the absence of credi-ble policy commitments. In one setting, labeled the “electoral accountability model,” votersreelect only incumbents maintaining sufficiently ... isconcave (in the single policy instrument). But interesting economic policy problems do2. Let us assume either that the set of voters describes a continuum, or that it is finite but odd in number. The median...

... toexistbecauseofsomecognitivelimitationonourpart(McGinn1989)—wearetoostupid(orhavethewrongtypeofintelligence)toappreciatetheexplanatoryconnection.Aproperunderstandingofthephysicalandphenomenalfactswould ,in reality,showusthatoneexplainstheother.Idonotbelieveanyofthesethreestrategiesareacceptable.Thefirstsimplyflatlyconflictswiththeevidence.Itsproponentsneedtoproducemuchstrongerargumentsthantheyhaveproducedtomakeitaseriouscontender,andIampessimisticthatsuchargumentsexist.Eachoftheothertwostrategiessuffersfromanotherseriousfault:theyareexercisesinexcusemaking.Theexplanatorygapisaninstanceofexplanatoryfailure.Whenconfrontedwithexplanatoryfailure,standardpracticeinscienceistore-evaluatethetheoryforinaccuracyorincompleteness.Thesemovesattempttoblamethepsychologyorperspectiveofthetheorymakersratherthantheontologyofthetheory,andarecompletelyanomalous.Theystandinthewayoftherealpossibilitythatwecanfindabettertheory.InthischapterIwillpursueafourthstrategybytacklingtheproblemmoredirectly.Iwillshowfaultinthetheories,ratherthanthetheory-makers.Mymethodology,Page35then,ismoretraditionalthanthemethodologyoftheotherstrategies.TheconclusionIreach,however,mayseemmoreradical.Iamgoingtoarguethatphysicalthingsare"twofaced"also.Morefactsthanjustthefactsaboutwhattheydoaretrueofthem,andthesefurtherfactsmayfillthegap.Ifthisconclusioniscorrectthentheformofthetheoriestraditionallyemployedinthesciencesneedstobesupplementedbeforewecancrosstheexplanatorygap.Someonepursuingthisstrategyneedstomeetthreechallenges,whichIwilltrytodo.Thefirstchallengeistoavoidbeing ... monists—realisticanybodys—grantthatexperientialphenomenaarereal,whereby"experientialphenomena"and"experience"Imeanthephenomenaofconsciousnessconsideredjustandonlyinrespectofthequalitativecharacterthattheyhaveforthosewhohavethemastheyhavethem.because(5)doesn'trequireanexplanation,whyshouldtherebeagapinESIIeither?Isn't(8)onaparwith(5)?If(5)requiresnoexplanation,thenneithershould(8).Thus,thereisnoexplanatorygapbetweenthemental(consciousexperience)andthephysical.3—TheReplyTheobjectionpresentedinthelastsectionwasbasedontheideathatidentityclaimsdonotthemselvesrequireexplanation.Therefore,wecanuseidentityclaimsaspremisesinexplanatoryargumentswithouttherebyintroducingnewdemandsforexplanation.ThisviewworksoutnicelyforESI,involvingwater.TheobjectorarguesthatweshouldviewESII,involvingqualitativecharacter,thesameway.Buttheproblemisthattheyclearlyaren'tthesame.Somethingmustbewrongwiththeideaaboutidentityclaimsonwhichtheobjectionisbased.WheretheobjectorpointstotheexplanatoryadequacyofESIasamodelforESII,Iwouldemphasizethefactthatwedon'tneedtobeconvincedoftheadequacyofESI,whichshowshowdifferentitisfromESII.Iwillintroducetheterm"gappyidentity"toexpressthisdifference.Anidentityclaimis"gappy"ifitadmitsofanintelligiblerequestforexplanation,and''nongappy"otherwise.Itseemstomethat(5)isnongappy,whereas(8)isgappy.Iwillelaborate.Withrespectto(5),imaginethatallthemicro-physicalfactsrelevanttothebehaviorofwaterareknown,butsomeonestillasks,whyis(5)true?Asdiscussedabove,sucharequestforexplanationmightreallybearequestforjustification,inwhichcasetheexplanatorypotentialofaccepting(5)—thatwecanexplainsuchfactsaswater'sboilingandfreezingpoints—wouldsufficeasananswer.Alternatively,thequestionermightbewonderinghowwatercouldsimultaneouslyinstantiatecertain(distinct)properties.Thistoocouldbeanswered.Butsupposethatthequestionerrefusesbothoftheseattemptsatreinterpretingthequestion.ShejustinsiststhatshewantstoknowhowwatercouldbeH2O.ItseemstomeatthatpointthatwecouldPage9onlyrespondwithanincredulouslook.Afterall,whatcouldshereallybeasking?ItjustisH2O;that'sallthereistoit.Ontheotherhand,whenitcomestopsycho-physicalidentityclaimslike(8),thesituationisquitedifferent.Let'sagainimaginethatwehavealltherelevantneurophysiologicalandfunctionalfacts.Ifsomeoneweretopressthequestion,buthowisit(or,whyshoulditbe)thatbrainstateBisareddishexperience,thequestionisquiteintelligible.Ofcoursesomewouldinsistthattheidentitymustbetrue,sinceacceptingitwouldexplainalotofphenomena(suchashowreddishexperiencescauseustocallthings"red").Butevensomeoneconvincedbycausalconsiderationstoaccepttheidentitywouldstillunderstandwhatsomeonewasaskingwhenrequestinganexplanation.Wedon'tjuststareblanklywonderingwhattheycouldpossiblyhaveinmind.Onthecontrary ,the senseofpuzzlementisalltoofamiliar.Ifthisdistinctionbetweengappyandnongappyidentitiesholdsup,thenIthinkwecanreplytotheobjectionoftheprevioussection.Granted,thedifferencebetween(5)and(8)isnotthat(5)isderivablefromanalyticandmicro-physicalpremiseswhereas(8)isnot.ThereisnoanalysisofourconceptofwaterunderlyingouracceptanceofitsidentitywithH2O.Weacceptitbecauseofitsexplanatorypower.(5)itselfdoesn'trequireanexplanation.However,(5)isdifferentinthisrespectfrom(8).(5)isanongappyidentity,afactthatismanifestbyournotfindingarequesttoexplainitintelligible(thatis,onceweremovethepossiblereinterpretationsofthe14InsightsintoBlindsightA.DavidMilner16115FromGraspingtoLanguage:MirrorNeuronsandtheOriginofSocialCommunicationVittorioGallese16516Supportingthe"GrandIllusion"ofDirectPerception:ImplicitLearninginEye-MovementControlFrankH.Durgin17917SelectivePeripheralFading:HowAttentionLeadstoLossofVisualConsciousnessLianggangLou189VEmotionIntroductionAlfredW.Kaszniak197Pageix18ConsciousExperienceandAutonomicResponsetoEmotionalStimuliFollowingFrontalLobeDamageAlfredKaszniak,SherylL.Reminger,StevenZ.Rapcsak,andElizabethL.Glisky20119AttheIntersectionofEmotionandConsciousness:AffectiveNeuroscienceandExtendedReticularThalamicActivatingSystem(ERTAS)TheoriesofConsciousnessDouglasF.Watt21520LaughingRats?PlayfulTicklingArousesHigh-FrequencyUltrasonicChirpinginYoungRodentsJaakPankseppandJeffreyBurgdorf231VI245WemustalsothankourfamiliesandcolleaguesinourhomedepartmentsofAnesthesiology,Psychology,Neurology,Psychiatry,andPhilosophy,andtheUniversityofArizonaforprovidinganacademicenvironmentamenabletoourintellectualpursuits.Finally,wearegratefultoBradfordBooksandtheMITPressfortheircontinuedsupport.InparticularwethankBettyStantonforherstewardship,visionandcourageincontinuinginherlatehusband'srole.PagexvCONTRIBUTORSDickBiermanUniversityofAmsterdamRoetersstraat151018WBAmsterdam,TheNetherlandsJeffreyBurgdorfDept.ofPsychologyBowlingGreenStateUniversityBowlingGreen,OH43403A.G.Cairns-SmithDepartmentofChemistryGlasgowUniversityGlasgowG128QQScotland,UKWilliamH.CalvinDepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciencesUniversityofWashingtonSeattleWA98195-1800DavidJ.ChalmersDepartmentofPhilosophyTheUniversityofArizonaTucson,AZ85721ChristiandeQuinceyInstituteofNoeticSciencesandtheJohnF.KennedyUniversityIONS,475GateFiveRoad,Suite300Sausalito,CA94965FrankH.DurginDepartmentofPsychologySwarthmoreCollege500CollegeAvenuereasonablycompleteandsatisfyingway.Giventhistrackrecord,onemightwellexpectthataphysicalexplanationofconsciousnessisonitsway.Andindeed,investigationoftheneurophysiologicalbasisofconsciousnesshasalreadyyieldedmanyinsightsintothephenomenon.Butsomehavearguedthatanypurelyphysicalexplanationofconsciousnesswillbeincomplete.Neurophysiologywillverylikelyyieldasystematiccorrelationbetweenstatesofthebrainandstatesofconsciousness,butwillthiscorrelationbeacompleteexplanation?Ithasoftenbeensuggestedthatnophysicalaccounttellsuswhythereshouldbestatesofsubjectiveexperience—thedirectexperienceofcolors,pains,emotions,andotherphenomenologicalaspectsofourmentallives.Givenanyphysicalaccount,onecanaskwhythat ... toexistbecauseofsomecognitivelimitationonourpart(McGinn1989)—wearetoostupid(orhavethewrongtypeofintelligence)toappreciatetheexplanatoryconnection.Aproperunderstandingofthephysicalandphenomenalfactswould ,in reality,showusthatoneexplainstheother.Idonotbelieveanyofthesethreestrategiesareacceptable.Thefirstsimplyflatlyconflictswiththeevidence.Itsproponentsneedtoproducemuchstrongerargumentsthantheyhaveproducedtomakeitaseriouscontender,andIampessimisticthatsuchargumentsexist.Eachoftheothertwostrategiessuffersfromanotherseriousfault:theyareexercisesinexcusemaking.Theexplanatorygapisaninstanceofexplanatoryfailure.Whenconfrontedwithexplanatoryfailure,standardpracticeinscienceistore-evaluatethetheoryforinaccuracyorincompleteness.Thesemovesattempttoblamethepsychologyorperspectiveofthetheorymakersratherthantheontologyofthetheory,andarecompletelyanomalous.Theystandinthewayoftherealpossibilitythatwecanfindabettertheory.InthischapterIwillpursueafourthstrategybytacklingtheproblemmoredirectly.Iwillshowfaultinthetheories,ratherthanthetheory-makers.Mymethodology,Page35then,ismoretraditionalthanthemethodologyoftheotherstrategies.TheconclusionIreach,however,mayseemmoreradical.Iamgoingtoarguethatphysicalthingsare"twofaced"also.Morefactsthanjustthefactsaboutwhattheydoaretrueofthem,andthesefurtherfactsmayfillthegap.Ifthisconclusioniscorrectthentheformofthetheoriestraditionallyemployedinthesciencesneedstobesupplementedbeforewecancrosstheexplanatorygap.Someonepursuingthisstrategyneedstomeetthreechallenges,whichIwilltrytodo.Thefirstchallengeistoavoidbeing adhoc. Tomakethestrategywork,themotivationforintroducingtheseextrafactsshouldbeindependentofthemind-bodyproblem.Otherwisethetheoryislikelytoseem—andprobablybe—indulgent,andwillcompetepoorlyinthemarketplaceofideas.Thesecondchallengeistoavoidthedualistdilemma.Whateverfactsoneintroducesmustbetiedtothephysicalfactsinawaythatdoesnotmakethemcausallyirrelevent,orspookilyinteractive.Thethirdchallengeistoberelevanttotheexplanatorygap.Thetheorymustgivereasonswhythesefurtherfactsaboutthephysical,whoseexistenceonehasindependentreasontobelievein,mayfilltheexplanatorygapbetweenthephysicalandphenomenalfacts.III—ThePhysicsof...

... from the objec-tive world, will carry with it the intentional threads linking it to its surrounding andfinally reveal to us the perceiving subject as the perceived world. The Theory of the Body ... within science itself, the treatment towhich it is intended to subject it. And since the genesis of the objective body is onlya moment in the constitution of the object, the body, by withdrawing ... Already a Theory of PerceptionOur own body is in the world as the heart is in the organism: it keeps the visiblespectacle constantly alive, it breathes life into it and sustains it inwardly,...

... land-owning elite will, in the course of a democratization process, prevent The Colonial Origins of Inequality 37Table 1.3OLS regressionsGini Gini Gini Gini Gini Gini Gini Gini Theil123456789Meantemp ... golden age in Latin America between 1870 and 1914) are adversely distributed to the landowners at the expense of the landless, the purchasing power of the landless remains limited. The more the ... FrankemaWith the Latin American experience in mind, this chapter explorestwo questions: what explains the cross-country variation in land in- equality at the end of the colonial age, and how does initial...

... meanings and definitions and their links to power and agenda set-ting came to the fore around the WSIS, held in Geneva in December 2003 and in Tunisviii Preface in November 2005. There and in the ... would strengthen the hands of the indus-try players involved, but users opted for the Internet s TCP/IP model and OSI becamemarginalized.Liberalization and convergence also brought into the game ... conferences. The WSIS tackled a broad range of issuespertaining to the global information society and adopted four instruments containinggeneral principles and norms that, while nonbinding, impacted the...

... Coherence in Philosophy and PsychologyAt the start of the twentieth century, the disciplines of psy-chology and philosophy were beginning to separate fromeach other. Originating in the laboratories ... complementarymeanings to different words in a way that forms a coher-ent whole. For example, the sentence The pen is in the bank” can mean that the writing implement is in the finan-cial institution, but in ... mean that the animal containment is in the side of the river. In thiscoherence problem, the elements are different meanings ofwords, and the positive constraints are given by meaningconnections...

... say, pain might not bestimulated C-fibers must be explained by the two ways ofthinking involved. If the physicalist can explain the knowl-edge in the one case, and the possibility in the other, ... involves asking oneself how oneknows that when another person sees a red object, she has the same kind of sensation the same thing going on in hermind—as one has in one’s own mind when seeing ... involved in pickingup and storing information from perception and discourse,processing information, imagining, remembering, planning,daydreaming, and every other activity that counts as, orinvolves,...

... and ethics is the norm rather than the exception?Addressing these issues by showing how there can be useful interactionsbetween science and ethics is the critical issue facing the sciences. ... aside for the moment to at least consider whetherwe can reduce the second class to the first so as to further constrain the bounds of the problem. Quine thus begins his argument with the secondclass ... company.Finally, I thank the United States Air Force (and, in turn, the American taxpayer) for funding my graduate education, and for the daily reminderthat supporting and defending the U.S....

... Neither Brain nor Ghost - The MIT Press "A new view of mind is in the air. Teed Rockwell has sensed it and articulated it beautifully in this book. Using a powerful combination of ... Philosophical, Social Quarterly (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter) See Other Titles In: > Cognition, Brain, & Behavior - General - Philosophy of Mind> Humanities - Philosophy> ... Neuroanatomy> Philosophy - General - Philosophy of MindTECHNOLOGY PARTNER: Azility, Inc. TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY POLICY | COPYRIGHT © 2007 http://mitpress .mit. edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=10688&ttype=2...