A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 12
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 1
... program
and data
User program
and data
Operating
System
Address
0xFFFFFFFF
Limit
Base
0
(a)
User-2 data
User-1 data
User program
Operating
System
Base-2
Limit-2
Limit-2
Limit-1
Base-2
Base-1
(b)
Limit-1
Base-1
... model in a distributed system.
Banking
system
Airline
reservation
Operating system
Web
browser
Compilers Editors
Application programs
Hardware
System
progr...
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 2
... of a global vari-
able.
Thread 1's
code
Thread 2's
code
Thread 1's
stack
Thread 2's
stack
Thread 1's
globals
Thread 2's
globals
Fig. 2-17. Threads can have private ... equal.
Now we are engaged
in a great civil war
testing whether that
nation, or any nation
so conceived and so
dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on
a great battlefield of
t...
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3
... Demonstration that the state in (a) is safe.
A
B
C
3
2
2
9
4
7
Free: 3
(a)
A
B
C
4
2
2
9
4
7
Free: 2
(b)
A
B
C
4
4 —4
2
9
7
Free: 0
(c)
A
B
C
4
—
2
9
7
Free: 4
(d)
Has Max Has Max Has Max Has Max
Fig. ... everything
Hold and wait Request all resources initially
No preemption Take resources away
Circular wait Order resources numerically
Fig. 3-14. Summary of approaches to deadlock...
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4
... virtual
page
0
Indexed
by hash on
virtual page
Virtual
page
Page
frame
Fig. 4-15. Comparison of a traditional page table with an inverted
page table.
(a)
Page loaded first
Most recently
loaded page
0
A
3
B
7
C
8
D
12
E
14
F
15
G
18
H
(b)
A ... possibilities also exist.
Page faults/sec
Number of page frames assigned
A
B
Fig. 4-29. Page fault rate as a function of the number...
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 5
... to scale).
A silver CD-ROM has a similar structure, except without the dye
layer and with a pitted aluminum layer instead of a gold layer.
Polycarbonate substrate 1
Polycarbonate substrate 2
Semireflective
layer
Semireflective
layer
Aluminum
reflector
Aluminum
reflector
0.6 ... bytes
Symbols of
14 bits each
42 Symbols make 1 frame
98 Frames make 1 sector
…
…
Fig. 5-21. Logical d...
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 6
... utilization
Data rate
Block size (bytes)
Fig. 6-20. The solid curve (left-hand scale) gives the data rate of a
disk. The dashed curve (right-hand scale) gives the disk space
efficiency. All files are ... 4
Address of disk block 5
Address of disk block 6
Address of disk block 7
Address of block of pointers
Disk block
containing
additional
disk addresses
Fig. 6-15. An example i-no...
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 7
... rewind to 12 min.
(c) After waiting 3 min. (d) After starting to refill the buffer.
(e) Buffer full.
Video A A A T T Video A A A T T Video A A A T T
Frame 3Frame 2Frame 1
Audio
track
Text
track
Fig. ... example of RMS and EDF real-time scheduling.
A1
A1
B1
B1
A1
A2
B2 B 3A3 A4 A5 B4
A5
B1 B2
B2
Failed
A2
B3 B4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Tim...
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 8
... Situation if page 10 is read only and replication is used.
CPU 1
Code using
variable A
A
B
Shared
page
CPU 2
Code using
variable B
A
B
Network
A and B are unrelated
shared variables that just
happen ... memory
Application
Hardware
Run-time
system
Operating
system
Application
Hardware
(b)
Machine 1 Machine 2
Run-time
system
Operating
system
Shared memory
Application
Har...
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 9
... (b)
After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shown
in gray.
(a)
First page
(in memory)
Second page
(not in memory)
Page
boundary
A
A
A
A
A
A
(b)
B
A
A
A
A
A
(c)
F
A
A
A
A
A
Fig. ... capability.
Goal Threat
Data confidentiality Exposure of data
Data integrity Tampering with data
System availability Denial of service
Fig. 9-1. Security goals and t...
A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10
... parent
Allocate child's stack and user area
Fill child's user area from parent
Allocate PID for child
Set up child to share parent's text
Copy page tables for data and stack
Set up sharing ... Description
s = brk(addr) Change data segment size
a = mmap(addr, len, prot, flags, fd, offset) Map a file in
s = unmap(addr, len) Unmap a file
Fig. 10-15. Some system calls r...
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