... (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. Longman, London.Liao, C. & Bresnahan, M. J. (1996). A contrastive pragmatic study on Amerian English and Mandarin refusal strategies. Language Sciences, 18, ... comparison of Japanese textbooks and actual conversation data. Nihongo Kyouiku (Journal of Japanese Language Teaching), 87, 25 - 39.Lauper, J. A. (1997). Refusal strategies of native English speakers ... language patterns used to make refusals by both Japanese learners of English and American English NSs in different situations. Additionally, pragmatic transfer was considered. Such factors as...