Family Factors and Student Outcomes potx

... xiiiABSTRACTThereisconsiderabledebateabouttherelativeimportanceof family versusschool factors inproducingacademic and nonacademic student outcomes, and whether and howtheirimpactsvaryacrossdifferent student groups.Inadditiontocriticallyreviewing and synthesizingearlierwork,thisstudyextendstheliteratureby(a)usingtheECLS‐K,aU.S.longitudinaldatasetthatfollowsanationallyrepresentativesampleofchildrenfromkindergartenthroughfifthgradetoexaminetheeffectsoftwotypesof family factors family processvariables(specificthingsfamiliesdo) and family statusvariables(whofamiliesare)—onstudents’academicachievement and nonacademic outcomes; and (b)usingthePISA2006,across‐countrycross‐sectionaldatasetthatassessesacademicachievementof15‐year‐oldstudentsinreading,mathematics, and scienceliteracytocompareU.S.studentswiththeirpeersin20othercountries and economiesintermsof family factors and academicachievement.Specifically,hierarchicalmodelsareestimatedtoaccountforthenestedstructureoftheECLS‐Kdata, and interactionmodelsareusedtoexaminewhether and howtherelationshipsbetween family process factors and student outcomes differbyrace and socio‐economicstatus(SES).UsingPISA2006,hierarchicallinearmodelswithcountryfixedeffectsareestimatedintheinternationalcomparativeanalysisofacademiceffectsof family factors. Findingsofthisstudysuggestthat family process factors canhavesignificantimpactsonbothacademic and nonacademic outcomes. ResultsoftheU.S.dataindicatethatevenaftercontrollingfordemographics and schoolinputs, student achievementwasassociatedwithmultipledimensionsof family process factors includingparentalexpectations and beliefs,learningstructure,resourcesavailability,homeaffectiveenvironment,parenting and disciplinarypractices, and parentalinvolvement.Furthermore,several family processvariables(includingdoinghomeworkmorefrequently,havinghomeInternetaccess, and owningacommunitylibrarycard)hadhigherreturnsintermsof student achievementforblackchildrenorchildrenfromlowsocio‐economicfamiliesthanfortheircounterparts. Family process factors asawholeholdsomevalueinexplainingnonacademic outcomes. ResultsoftheinternationalcomparativeanalysissuggestthatU.S.studentsdidnotfareaswellastheirpeersinothercountries and economies, and that family processvariables,especiallyconsideredcollectively,wereimportant factors inexplaining student achievementinaninternationalsetting. ... Whatistherelationshipbetween family process factors and reading and mathematicsachievement,aftercontrollingfor student and schoolcharacteristics?2. Howdoestherelationshipbetween family process factors and academicachievementdifferby family status(specifically,race and SES)?Thischapterisorganizedasfollows:Itbeginswithaliteraturereviewthatlooksatdifferenttypesof family process factors and theirimpactson student achievement.Itfollowswithaconceptualmodelthatunderpinstheanalysis, and adescriptionofthedata and methodology.Itconcludeswithfindings ... and discussiononpolicyimplications.PreviousLiteratureon Family Factors and Student AchievementSincethe1966Colemanreport,numerousstudieshaveexaminedtheinfluencesof family factors oneducational outcomes. However,onlyrecentlyhaveresearchersstartedtodistinguishtwotypesof family factors: family status factors and family process factors.  Family status factors areoftenreferredtoasthosecharacteristicsthatdefinethefamilies(i.e.,whofamiliesare).Examplesof family statusvariablesincluderace,income,parentaleducation,socialclass, and family configurations(Christenson,2002;Henderson and Mapp,2002).Incontrast, family process factors, definedasthespecificthingsthatfamiliesdo,includeparentalexpectations and beliefs,learningstructure,resourceavailability,homeaffectiveenvironment,parenting and disciplinarypractices, and parentalinvolvement,amongothers(Christenson,Rounds, and Gorney,1992;Henderson and Mapp,2002;Fan and Chen,2001).Thefollowingliteraturereviewexaminespriorresearchon family process factors, and coverstheoriesof family process factors aswellasempiricalfindingsoftheirimpactson student achievement.TheoreticalFrameworksof Family Process Factors Empiricalstudiesonacademicimpactsof family process factors typicallyexaminealimitednumberof factors and/ oraremostlybasedonamoreimplicittheoreticalframework.Forthepurposeofthischapter,onlystudiesthatincludeacomprehensivelistof family process factors intheirtheoreticalframeworksarediscussedbelow.Intheirreviewofover160studies,Christenson,Rounds, and Gorney(1992)identifiedfivetypesof family process factors thatmightinfluence student outcomes: ...

... theUnitedNations and ExecutiveSecretaryof ESCAP,Dr.AjayChhibber,UNAssistantSecretary-General,UNDPAssistantAdministrator and DirectorforAsia and thePacific, and Dr.UrsulaSchaeffer-Preuss and Dr.BinduN.Lohani,former and presentVice-Presidents,AsianDevelopmentBank. ... fromBobVerbruggen and AmalaReddyofUNAIDS, Saramma MathaiofUNFPA,FranceBegin,HenkvanNorden,MaheshPatel,TeerapongPraphotjanaporn and Qimti Paienjtonof UNICEF and MarkLandry,JunGao and ThereseMariaReginaldoofWHO.The ... onhealth,public and privatecombined,havelowerratesof under-5 and maternalmortality and haveasmallerproportion of children underweight. But public and privateprovisionmayhavedifferent outcomes: privatehealthexpenditurewasseentoimpactlessinreducingchildmalnutritionwhilepublicexpenditurewasmorehelpfulinthat–highlightingthevalueof...

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... Bulletin, 13, 505–14.Goldstein, M. J. and Strachan, A. M. (1987). The family and schizophrenia. In Family Interaction and Psychopathology: Theories, Methods and Findings, ed. T. Jacob. New York: ... environments. However, this should not, and does not, lead to theconclusion that family environment is irrelevant in understanding the onset and course of psychosis. Hirsch and Leff (1975), in their early ... propositions thatdifficult and problematic family environments may increase the risk of schizo-phrenia and other psychoses, and worsen the course of these disorders.Society and Psychosis, ed. Craig...

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... of Family Growth (NSFG),including: pregnancy and birth,marriage, divorce, cohabitation, sexualintercourse, contraception, infertility, useof family planning and other medicalservices, and ... thefieldwork), and if found they were coded.Tables 75–80 show columns headed‘‘Public family planning clinic’’ and ‘‘Other clinic.’’ ‘‘Public family planningclinic’’ includes clinics located and coded ... the family. Total family income includes income fromall sources for all members of therespondent’s family. For example, fora family of four in 1994, the povertylevel was $15,141. So, if a family...