Tobacco Smoke, Indoor Air Pollution and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis potx

... www.plosmedicine.org January 2007 | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | e200189 Tobacco and Biomass Smoke and TB Tobacco Smoke, Indoor Air Pollution and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Hsien-Ho Lin1, Majid ... surfaces,ability to phagocytize bacteria, and intracellular bactericidalprocesses [70]. Boelaert and colleagues [71] have alsoproposed an alternative explanation for the impaired abilityof macrophages ... UnitedStates of AmericaCitation: Lin HH, Ezzati M, Murray M(2007) Tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 4(1): e20. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040020Received:...

... Overallfollow‐up/projectre‐establishmentAnassessmentofthecurrentsituation,giventhecessation(atthistime)oftheprojectwouldbeanappropriatefirstaction.Initialtaskswouldincludeascertainingwhichofthepartnerorganizationsarestilloperational,otheravailablepartners, and thestatusoftheformerMambandawater and sanitationcommittee. Supportfor a localwater,sanitation, and indoor air committeeApproachestoinvolveallstakeholdersin a viablemannerarerequired.Foritsduration,thecommunitycommitteeseemstohavebeensuccessful.Giventhehouseholdleveloftheseinterventions,such a modelmaystillbeappropriate.Theactiveparticipationoflocalgovernmentwouldalsobe a factortoinclude,togetherwithotherhigher‐levelsupport. ... Overallfollow‐up/projectre‐establishmentAnassessmentofthecurrentsituation,giventhecessation(atthistime)oftheprojectwouldbeanappropriatefirstaction.Initialtaskswouldincludeascertainingwhichofthepartnerorganizationsarestilloperational,otheravailablepartners, and thestatusoftheformerMambandawater and sanitationcommittee. ... 13Thisis a well‐managedproject.Itreliesonvendors,using a sustainablecommercialmodelsupportedbylow‐interestloans and innovativeeducationalmethodstoempowerlow‐incomehouseholdswithknowledgeabouthowvariousproductscanimprovehealthoffamilies, and encouragesadoptionthroughexample.Projectfunctioning and achievementsThevendors,localmembersofthecommunitiesdrawnfromHIVsupportgroups and othercommunityselfhelpgroups,areessentiallyrunningsmall‐scalebusinessoperationsfacilitatedby(relatively)low‐costloans, and arekeytothefunctioning and successofthisproject.Theyworkthroughcommunitymeetings and schools, and alsodirectlybyhouse‐to‐housevisits,whilesomealsosellincommunitykiosks and pharmacies.TheSWAPvendorsareofferedtrainingonsafewater and businessskillstohelpthemtobecomemoreefficientinmanagingtheirsmallscalebusinessesincludingsellinghealthproducts.Thepromotionofproductsiscommerciallysustainableasthesearesoldatcostwith a smallmark‐upforthevendors,althoughthisisepisodicallycompromisedbyfreehandoutsbyotheragenciesofwatertreatmentproductsduringfloods and othercrises.Overall,thisappearstobeaneffective and robustmodelforsustainabledelivery.LikeallsuchNGO‐ledactivitieshowever,itwasnotentirelyclearhowwellthissystemwould‘survive’ifSWAPfunding and key,highlycompetentpersonnelwerenolongermanagingtheprogramme.Vendorsareverycommitted, and recognizecommunitydemand,butareunsurewhethertheywouldstillbeabletoaccesstheproducts.Theproductsthemselveshavethepotentialtoimpacton a rangeofhighprioritydiseaseconditionsforchildsurvivalinKenya,namelypneumonia(Upesistoves),diarrhoea (a rangeofHWTSproducts and hand‐washingsoaps),malaria(ITNs) and under‐nutrition(Sprinkles).Watertreatment and storageTheHWTSproductscanbeexpectedtobeefficacious,buteffectivenessdependsoncomplianceineverydayuse.Furtherdataanalysisisneededtocompletethepicture,butresultsavailabletodateshowcomplianceacrosstheNICHEareatobemoderate,reachingatbest66%reporteduse and 57%confirmedbychlorineresidualtestinginthe10integratedprojectvillagesamongimprovedstoveusers.Onthebasisofthesedata,theprojecthasreached (and exceeded)thestatedgoalforHWTS.Thislevelofcompliancemayhoweverberelativelygood,intermsofwhatcanbeachievedinpracticewithHWTS.Althoughcomplianceappearstobehighestwherecombinedinterventionshavebeenpromoted and adopted,thisneedsfurtheranalysis,adjustingforsocio‐economic and otherconfoundingfactors.Itisalsoimportanttotakeintoaccounttheeffectofparticipationin a studywithfrequenthomevisitswhichmayinflatecompliancein a non‐sustainableway.ImprovedstovesTheauthorsarenotawareofanypriorstudiesoftheefficacyoftheUpesistoves,specificallyintermsofHAPreductionsinideal(‘test‐house’)circumstances.However,resultsfromtestingof indoor air pollution levelsinthecurrentproject(repeatedearlyin2010)demonstrateverymodestreductionsinPM2.5of10‐20%atbest.However,strongerevidenceofsavingsinfuelwoodofnearly30%wasreported.Basedoneverydayexperienceinthe...

... 2):66 7A. 59. D’Antiga L, Dhawan A, Portmann B, Francavilla R, RelaM, Heaton N, Mieli-Vergani G. Late cellular rejection inpaediatric liver transplantation: aetiology and outcome.Transplantation ... B, Zhang DY.Intracranial tuberculoma in a liver transplant patient:first reported case and review of the literature. Am JTransplant 2003;3:88-93.43. Al-Moamary MS, Al-Baz S, Alothman A, Memish ... recipients have an 18-fold increase in the prevalence of active MTBinfection and a 4-fold increase in the case-fatality rate. For high-risk transplant candidates, isoniazid appears safe and isprobably...

... Sensors Capable ofMeasuring and Evaluating Indoor Air Quality. Indoor Environ., 1, 27–34 (in Japanese).126)Kishi, R., Saijo, Y., Kanazawa, A. , Tanaka,M., Yoshimura, T., Chikara, H., Takigawa, T.,Morimoto, ... (in Japanese).113)Sakai, K., Kamijima, M., Sh ib ata, E., Ohn o, H. and Nakajima, T. (2009) Annual transition and seasonalvariation of indoor air pollution levels of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in large-scale ... large-scale buildings in Nagoya, Japan.J. Environ. Monit., 11, 2068–2076.114)Kamijima, M., Sakai, K., Shibata, E., Yamada,T., Itohara,S.,Ohno, H., Hayakawa, R., Sugiura,M., Yamaki, K. and Takeuchi,...

... smoke causes emphysema and airwaydisease. Oxidative stress may be a component, asoxidizing radicals are present in tobacco and biomasssmoke and are released by inflammatory cells (69).Risk factors ... fortalecerse lacapacidad te´cnica y de desarrollo a nivel local paraapoyar la aplicacio´ n de medidas allı´ donde ma´s senecesiten.References1. Albalak R.Cultural practices and exposure to particles ... birthweight: a meta-analysis and new data.Paediatric and PerinatalEpidemiology, 1999, 13: 35–57.114. Dary O, Pineda O, Belizan J. Carbon monoxide in dwellingsin poor rural areas of Guatemala.Bulletin...

... exposure assessment and modeling exercise in rural districts of Andhra Pradesh, IndiaKalpana BalakrishnanSumi MehtaPriti KumarPadmavathi Ramaswamy Sankar SambandamKannappa Satish KumarKirk ... Kumar, Padmavathi Ramaswamy,Sankar Sambandam, Kannappa Satish Kumar, Kirk R. SmithJune 2004compared to a national average of 86 percent. Itsaverage household annual income (Rs. 24,800) isalso ... Venkatachalam(Chancellor), Dr. T. K. Partha Sarathy (Pro-Chancel-lor), Dr. S. Thanikachalam (Vice-Chancellor), Dr. K.V. Somasundaram (Dean of Faculties), Mrs. RadhaVenkatachalam (Registrar) and...

... Mittleman MA, et al: Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientificstatement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010,121:2331-2378.3. Kampa ... present mean maternal air pollution exposure during total pregnancy accordingto maternal characteristics (Table 3) and infant charac-teristics (Table 4). Table 3 shows that PM10 and NO2exposure ... air pollution exposure is required,since ambient air pollutants display significant small-scale spatial variatio n. This intra-urban spatial variationhas been documented especially for traffic-related...

... respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergicTable 12: Rural background. Descriptive data of regional air pollution at a monitoring station in a rural area. Annual mean concentrations of traffic-related ... Self-reported traffic exposure was associated with asthma diagnosis and COPD diagnosis, and with asthma symptoms. Annual average NOx was associated with COPDdiagnosis and symptoms of asthma and chronic ... to traffic was associated with prevalence of asthma diagnosis, COPDdiagnosis, and symptoms of asthma and bronchitis. This indicates that traffic-related air pollution has both long-term and short-term...

... Latin America Middle East East Asia Coverage Saharan and the and North Europe and and the Intervention (percent) Africa Caribbean Africa Central Asia South Asia Pacific LPG 50 1,400 710 n .a. ... ratios (US$ per healthy year gained)Sub- Latin America Middle East East Asia Coverage Saharan and the and North Europe and and the Intervention (percent) Africa Caribbean Africa Central Asia ... Mehta, and othersTable 42.6 Intervention Scenarios for World Bank Regions a. Healthy years gainedSub- Latin America Middle East East Asia Coverage Saharan and the and North Europe and and...

... monitoring and evaluation, includingexposure assessment, indicators and systems for data collection at national level and for poorrural and urban communities where the need for information and action ... habits. In addition to the appliance costs and operating costs, durability,appearance, ease of operation and maintenance, convenience and flexibility are among thosefactors that are likely ... such as low birthweight, perinatal mortality (still births and deaths in the firstweek of life) asthma and middle ear infection for children, tuberculosis, nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancer, and...