- Khu vuc dau chuyen
3.4.1. Giai doan chuan b
Cam ket ciia lanh dao va sy thong nhat trong toan doanh nghiep
Truac khi bat dau ap dung ISO 14001, doanh nghiep can phai ph6 bien den toan the can bg c6ng nhan vien ve ke hoach xay dung ISO 14001 tai
Doanh nghiep. Toan the can bg cong nhan vien can phai dugc th6ng bao ve tinh hinh hien tai cua c6ng ty va lgi ich ciia ISO 14001 de thau hieu dugc sir can thiet phai xay dung va ap dung he th6ng quan ly m6i truang. Sir cam ket ciia Ban lanh dao doanh nghiep cung vai sir dong 16ng cua toan the can bg c6ng nhan vien la mot dieu kien quan trgng cho viec xay dung thanh c6ng he th6ng quan ly m6i truang. Neu lanh dao doanh nghiep da hieu nhiing lgi ich dem lai ve mat m6i truang va kinh te dem lai bai ISO 14000, hg se quan tam han va se dau tu thich dang cac nguon lire can thiet cho viec xay dung mot each hieu qua va nhanh chong. Dong thai can bg cong nhan vien se th6ng nhat va nhiet tinh huang ung khi hg hieu thau dao lgi ich cung nhu nghia vu cua hg trong qua trinh xay dung he th6ng quan ly m6i truang tai doanh nghiep.
Hop dong chuyen gia tu van va dao tao
Sau khi co dugc su cam ket ciia lanh dao va sir thoa thuan d6ng 16ng cua toan th^ can bg c6ng nhan vien, doanh nghiep can co quyet dinh cu6i
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cung ve xay dung va ap dung He th6ng quan ly m6i truang theo tieu chuan ISO 14001. Doanh nghiep dua ra quyet dinh ve lich trinh, tien do va thai gian xay dung va ap dung He thong quan ly m6i truong de c6 the xin cap chung chi phu hgp theo tieu chuan ISO 14001. Day la mot c6ng viec can thiet giiip doanh nghiep co the b6 tri c6ng viec xay dung phu hgp han, tiet kiem thai gian va cong lao dgng cua doanh nghiep.
D§ viec xay dung va ap dung he th6ng quan ly m6i truang phu hgp vai ISO 14001, cung nhu dam bao cho can bg c6ng nhan vien co nhan thuc day dii ve ISO 14001 \a nhom chuyen trach co the dam duang nhiem vu
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xay dung va thuc hien He thong quan ly moi truang theo tieu chuan ISO 14001 vai mot dan vj tu van.
Dan vj tu van co trach nhiem dao tao cho can bg cong nhan vien toan doanh nghiep ve nhan thuc m6i truang, ISO 14001, he th6ng van ban ciing nhung huang dan ap dung, va ho trg nhom chuyen trach trong qua trinh xay dung van ban va trien khaị
Thanh lap nhom chuyen trach ISO 14001
De e6 nhan lire thuc hien viec xay dung he th6ng quan ly m6i truang, doanh nghiep can thanh lap nh6m du an nham thiic day qua trinh xay dung va thuc hien. Nh6m nay se la dau m6i hoat dgng, co trach nhiem thiic day cac thanh vien khac trong doanh nghiep, huang dan va giiip da hg trong qua trinh thuc hien. Th6ng thuang, thanh vien ciia nh6m la truang cac ph6ng ban ciia cac linh vuc hoat dgng khac nhau trong doanh nghiep nhung so lugng kh6ng nen qua Ian, trong do can c6 mot nguai nhom
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truang dai dien cho lanh dao doanh nghiep, trong do can de cu it nhat 1 nguai chuyen trach ve he th6ng quan ly moi truang. Nguai nay ciing c6
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the coi la nhom truang cua nh6m chuyen trach ISO 14001.
Danh gia moi truong so* bo
C6ng viec danh gia m6i truang so bg g6m 2 noi dung chinh: Danh gia hien trang moi truang va Danh gia hien trang he th6ng quan ly m6i truang, dugc thuc hien a tat ca cac ph6ng ban, xi nghiep san xuat trong doanh nghiep. Danh gia moi truang sa bo nham xac dinh cac tac dong tai moi trirong do cac hoat dong cua doanh nghiep va pham vi anh huang cua chung, thong qua do doanh nghiep co the xac djnh dugc cac muc tieu, chi tieu va xay dirng dirge chirong trinh moi truang. Qua do, cac phong ban, phan xirang co nhan biet dugc cac yeu caụ cac thu tuc can thiet a bo phan
minh theo ISO 14001. Day la birac chudn bj r4t quan trgng cho toan bg qua trinh xay dimg va ap dung tieu chu4n ISO 14001, neu nhir xac dinh van de sai thi mgi cong viec sau do se kh6ng co y nghiạ
Xac djnh cac khia canh moi trúcrng
Qua trinh khao sat so bg cho thay cac tac dgng va pham vi nguon g6c Ciia chiing. Doanh nghiep can xac djnh mot phuang phap logic nham xac dinh cac khia canh moi truang dam bao tat ca cac khia canh can thiet dugc xem xet. Khia canh moi truang c6 the dugc xac dinh th6ng qua cac yeu to nhu tuang tac ciia cac hoat dgng san xuat, djch vu va san pham cua doanh nghiep vai m6i truang, ket hgp vai cac nhan t6 nhu muc do 6 nhiem moi truang, quy djnh ciia phap luat, yeu cau cua cac ben hiiu quan, thai do cua xa hoi, tinh chat cua tac dgng... Doanh nghiep c6 the sir dung mot s6 c6ng
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CU húu ich nham xac dinh cac khia canh moi truang nhu thiet lap sa d6 d6ng chay, thiet lap can bang dau vao, dau ra hoac la cho diem d6i vai m6i nhan t6 tuy theo muc do anh huang quan trgng khac nhau cua cac nhan t6.
Tu 6.0, doanh nghiep c6 the xac dinh thiet bj hoac cong doan hoac yeu to
nao CO tac dgng tieu cue vai m6i truang.
Xac djnh cac chi tieu, muc tieu can dat cua He thong quan ly moi trúÓng. Trong viec xac dinh cac muc tieu va chi tieu, doanh nghiep can can nhac tai:
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- Cac yeu cau phap luat va yeu cau khac doanh nghiep can tuan thụ - Cac khia canh m6i truang dang ke da dugc xac djnh
- Cac giai phap c6ng nghe phu hgp
Dac biet can luu y cac muc tieu va chi tieu phai phan anh dugc hoat dgng thuc te cua doanh nghiep va chi ro ket qua dat dugc se la gi (cac muc tieu va chi tieu phai djnh lugng dugc).
3.4.2. Trien khai boat dong xay dyng He thong quan ly moi trirang Thiet ke he thong va lap ke hoach thirc hien
Nham dam bao dat dugc cac muc tieu va chi tieu da de ra, doanh nghiep can de ra cac chuang trinh quan ly m6i truang cu the de dat dugc cac muc tieu, chi tieu d6. De dam bao tinh hieu qua, chuang trinh quan ly m6i truang can chi dinh trach nhiem cu the cho tung ca nhan trong viec
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tien hanh cac hoat dgng nham dat dugc cac muc tieu va chi tieu de ra; xac djnh phuang tien, phuang thuc, c6ng cu, ngu6n lire can thiet ciing nhu khung thai gian de dat dugc cac muc tieu va chi d6.
Buac nay cung het sue quan trgng vi viec thiet ke he th6ng va lap ke hoach thuc hien se anh huang true tiep den viec duy tri ap dung sau nay cung nhu muc do phii hgp vai cac he th6ng quan ly hien co cua doanh nghiep.
Xac djnh, thiet lap có cau trach nhiem ve moi trúÓng ciia doanh nghiep
De cho cong viec trien khai xay dung He thong quan ly m6i truang theo tieu chuan ISO 14001 co hieu qua, doanh nghiep can phai xac djnh mot ca
ziw \b chuc hgp ly cho viec quan ly moi truang. Doanh nghiep c4n xem
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xet mot s6 van de sau:
- Xem xet pham \'i ciia chuang trinh He th6ng quan ly m6i truang, tu pham vi d6 xac djnh;
• Xac dinh nguai can tham gia de he th6ng hoat dgng hieu qua • Xac djnh cac nguon lire can thiet khac
- Xem xet cac tac dgng m6i truang dang ke ciia doanh nghiep de tim: • Cac qua trinh hoat dong can dugc kiem soat
• Nguai can tham gia de dam bao viec kiem soat do dugc thuc
hien
~ Xem xet cac he th6ng quan ly khac hien c6
• Vai tr6 va trach nhiem ciia tung nguai trong cac he thong nay la
• Co the ket hgp vai He th6ng quan ly m6i truang dugc khong, neu dugc thi nhu the nao
Ban hoat dgng c6 trach nhiem chuyen trach ve He thong quan ly m6i
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truang co the g6m nhung thanh phan sau:
- Ban chi dao trong do gom Ban lanh dao doanh nghiep va cac don vj
CO trach nhiem nghien cuu chi dao ve viec trien khai xay dung He thong quan ly moi truang. Ban chi dao kh6ng nhat thiet bao gom ca ban lanh dao tuy nhien phai c6 dai dien cua ban lanh dao va thuang do T6ng giam doc Doanh nghiep lam truang ban. Ban chi dao co trach nhiem kiem tra, giam sat cung nhu dap ung cac yeu cau ve nhan lire, tai lire va vat lire cho viec trien khai xay dung He thong quan ly m6i lru6ng.
- Ban to chuc thuc hien trong do thuang Pho T6ng giam doc doanh
nghiep la truang ban. Ban t6 chuc trien khai co trach nhiem xay dung ke hoach, Ien cac phuang an hoat dgng va don doc cac don vi ca nhan trong doanh nghiep thuc hien. Nhiem vu cua Ban t6 chuc
trien khai bao gom ca viec lien ve vai cac t6 chuc khoa hgc ky thuat tien hanh xay dung he th6ng xu ly bui, he ht6ng Igc bui ong khoi, noi hai va ca nhiing cong viec dieu hanh trien khai cac hoat dgng thu gom rac thai, giii gin ve sinh, cai thien m6i truang va m6i truang lao dgng trong toan doanh nghiep, Ien ke hoach thuc hien va Ijch trinh xin cap chung chị
- Bo nhiem dai dien lanh dao ve moi truong cua doanh nghiep
Dao tao nang cao nhan thuc ve moi trúÓng cho can bo cong nhan vien trong doanh nghiep
Tieu chuan ISO 14001 yeu cau doanh nghiep phai co phuang phap dao tao thich hgp cho nhan vien ciia minh, nhiing nguai ma c6ng viec ciia hg
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CO the gay ra nhiing tac dgng dang ke tai moi truang. Viec dao tao nham giiip mgi nguai nhan thuc dugc tam quan trgng cua viec tuan thu vai chinh sach moi truang, cac quy trinh va vai He th6ng quan ly moi truang. Hg cung phai hieu ro cong viec ciia hg c6 the tao ra nhung tac dgng tai m6i truang nhu the nao va trach nhiem cu the ciia hg la gị Mgi nguai tai mgi phong ban chuc nang deu co vai tro nhat dinh trong viec quan ly m6i truang cua doanh nghiep. Bai vay, chuang trinh dao tao phai rat da dang. Mgi nguai trong doanh nghiep can dugc dao tao ve chinh sach m6i truang, cac tac dgng m6i truang dang ke cua cong viec cua hg... Mu6n vay, doanh nghiep phai xac djnh cac ph6ng ban lien quan c6 the gay ra cac tac dgng moi truang dang ke, tu d6 xay dung mot ma tran ve nhu cau dao tao cho cac ph6ng ban nham xac djnh dugc yeu cau cu the doi vai tung ca nhan, phong ban. Thong thuang chuong trinh dao tao bao gom:
- Dao tao nhan thuc chung ve ISO 14001
- Dao tao xay dung van ban cho can bg dugc phan cong soan thao \'an ban.
Dao tao kien thuc chung ve moi truong va ve tieu chuan ISO 14001 la rat quan trgng. Bai vi neu mu6n xay dung va ap dung thanh cong He thong quan ly moi truang thi nhiing nguai tham gia thuc hien phai la can bg c6ng nhan vien ciia toan c6ng tỵ Neu can bg c6ng nhan vien hieu dugc cac kien thuc CO ban d6 thi hg mai thuc hien dugc He th6ng quan ly m6i truang, qua do cong tac bao ve va cai thien chat lugng m6i truang se t6t han.
Mot trong nhiing muc dich cua bg tieu chuan ISO 14001 la thay d6i y thuc, van h6a bao ve m6i truang cho cac doanh nghiep, to chuc kinh doanh san xuat. Do vay, viec dao tao nhan thuc chung cho can bg c6ng nhan vien ciia doanh nghiep chinh la g6p phan thay doi quan niem, each nhin ciia hg ve bao ve moi truang trong khu vuc san xuat cung nhu m6i truang xung
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quanh. Neu nhu mgi doanh nghiep san xuat deu tham gia bao ve moi truang thi se lam giam bot hoat dgng xa thai chat 6 nhiem, gay tac hai den
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m6i truang, dong thai y thuc bao ve moi truang se dugc truyen tai den mgi nguaị Dieu nay tat yeu se dan den chat lugng moi truang chung ngay cang dugc cai thien va nang caọ
Th6ng qua viec dao tao cac kien thuc co ban ve m6i truang cho can bg c6ng nhan vien cua doanh nghiep, nhiing kien thuc nay se dugc tuyen tryen ra ben ngoai doanh nghiep. Dieu nay co y nghia rat Ian bai vi moi truang la ciia chung, neu doanh nghiep co ap dung thanh cong He thong quan ly m6i truang theo tieu chuan ISO 14001 nhung m6i truang xung
quanh doanh nghiep \an bj 6 nhiem thi sir sach dep do do He thong quan
ly moi truang ma doanh nghiep ap dung se khong mang lai mot k^t qua toan dien.
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Xay dyng he thong van ban
Sau khi nam dugc nhiing kien thuc chung ve m6i truang ciing nhu ve tieu chuan ISO 14001, toan th§ lanh dao va can bg cong nhan vien cua doanh nghiep bat tay vao xay dung He thong quan ly m6i truang cua doanh nghiep.
He th6ng van ban, tai lieu cua He th6ng quan ly m6i tru6ng dugc xem nhu nhiing tai lieu giai thich ve hoat dgng ciia He th6ng quan ly m6i truang. No ciing c6 the dugc coi nhu nhung sa do chi dan tai toan bg He thong quan ly moi truang. Cac tai lieu nay co the dugc duy tri 6 dang dien tii hoac giay ta, tuy thugc vao doanh nghiep.
Ban soan thao van ban c6 trach nhiem lam viec vai don vj tu van, cac t6 chuc lien quan va can cu vao bg tieu chuan ap dung vao hinh hinh thuc te cua doanh nghiep, xay dung tai lieu tang 1 va tang 2 (s6 tay chat lugng va cac thii tuc). Thanh vien cua ban soan thao dugc lap nen tu cac can bg dugc dao tao ve kien thuc soan thao va vai sir giiip da cua dan vj tu van, hg c6 trach nhiem soan thao nen he thong van ban cho toan doanh nghiep.
Ngoai ra, m6i dan vj nho trong doanh nghiep can cu ra bg phan xay dung tai lieu tang 3 (cac quy djnh, huang dan lam viec, mau bieụ..) va cu ra mot can bg phu trach moi truang cua don vj minh.
Nhu vay he th6ng tai lieu cua He thong quan ly moi truang theo tieu chu^n ISO 14001 c6 the dugc chia lam 3 cap.
Tai lieu cdp 1: So tay He thong quan ly moi truong dugc su dung dl
ki^m soat cac hoat dgng lien quan tai m6i truang nham dam bao he thong m6i truang cua doanh nghiep phii hgp vai mgi yeu c4u cua ISO 14001. Tai lieu cap 1 gom nhirng loai tai lieu sau:
- So tay moi truong
- Tai lieu ve cac yeu cau ve m6i truong va phap luat - Chinh sach moi truang
- Cac khia canh m6i truang
Tai lieu cdp 2: Tai lieu ve cac thu tuc, quy trinh hoat dong tai cac
phong ban quy djnh bSng van ban cac thii tuc cua He thong quan ly moi
truang, gom nhiing loai tai lieu sau: - Thii tuc hoat dgng ve m6i truang
- Tai lieu ve kiem soat qua trinh hoat dgng: Vi du nhu Quy djnh ve kiem soat xu ly nuac thai, rac thai ciia doanhh nghiep
- Tai lieu huang dan lam viec: Vi du nhu De cuang ve bao quan van chuyen xu ly r6 ri h6a chat
Tai lieu cdp 3: Ho so* moi truang bao cac thanh van ban cac ket qua va
hoat dgng moi truang va phai dugc luu giii theo he thong
To chuc trien khai va ap dung he thong tai lieu
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Sau khi cac tai lieu da dugc cap co tham quyen phe duyet doanh nghiep nen dua vao ap dung ngaỵ Cac dan vj, bg phan tien hanh cac hoat dgng