nghf Quiin ly tai chfnh Nang life quiin ly
khong l~m dvng thuoc khang sinh kh · nguon nu&c, Ian r(lng dich
djch b~nh. b~nh.
M6i nong tr~i sfm xuat tom theo nhOng phuong phap khac nhau nen kh6 san xuAt tom d~t tieu chuAn qu6c t~ v&i sa luqng l&n, va tinh c~nh tranh cua tom kh6 dugc cai thi~n.
- 2/3 hQ nong dan ap dvng nhOng kien - Cong ngh~ nuoi tom cua thtl'c m&i hQc dugc vao san xuAt, nhung
hQ khong tuan thu CaC quy t~C nay mQ each kh~c khe do chi phi cao va thuong Iai khong c6 yeu du (gia thu mua tom khong tuong quan ch~t v&i quy trlnh nuoi).
cac hQ dan hi~n d~i hon cac
linh vl)'c khac. Nong dan tich C\fC tham gia hQi thac ve cong ngh~ m&i va thubng xuyen tham gia cac
- Nguoi nong dan luu tril' thOng tin kha - Nghi~p V\1 ke toan va luu
cAn th~n de tinh t6an chi phi va lQi tril' thong tin dugc thl)'c
nhu~n cho m6i mua V\1 hi~n cAn th~n do d6 phan
tich hi~u qua va kinh
nghi~m cho V\1 ti~p theo.
NhOng ngum nuoi tom thubng hgp - Nguoi nong dan san xuat d6ng tieu thl) san phfim v&i cac nha
kinh doanh nen thi trubng tom 6n djnh hon, gia cao hon cac san phfim khac.
theo each rieng va S\f hgp tac con y~u do d6 kh6 chuAn h6a chAt luqng tom khi qnh tranh tren thi
' '
3.2 Giai phap nh~m nang cao nang ll}'C qtnh tranh cho cac san phdm lien quan t~i
dja bim nghien cU'll
3.2.1 Ki~m soat chlit ltr(lng trong siin xutit huO'ng iiln thj truirng:
Xay dvng kenh phim hbi tir nguOi tieu dung dBn nguoi nong dan. Oic nha ban si va le
trong nu&c, cac nha xuAt khAu thu th~p y kiBn phim hbi tir khach hang trong va ngoai nu&c v~ chAt luQTig nong sim. Sau d6, thong tin dAy du cho nguOi nong dan. Ho~,tt d9ng nay dn duqc t6 chuc thuang xuyen d~ nong dan n~m duqc y kiBn cua nguOi tieu dung v~ san phAm cua minh. Qua d6, giup nguOi nong dan c6 nhOng cai tiBn v~ chAt luQTig san phAm nh~m dap U'ng t6t han nhUng nhu du ngay cang da d~,tng cua nguOi tieu dung. Kenh thong tin
hi~u qua duqc gqi -y la cac chuang trinh khuy€n nong tren phong phat thanh va truy~n
hinh. Trong cac chuang trinh nay c6 th~ moi nhOng nguai c6 uy tin ho~c gAn giii v&i nong dan tham giam d~ tang Sl,l' thu hut v&i khan gia la cac nha nong.
T~o di€u ki~n cho nguoi nong dan tiBp c~n nhOng san phAm cua d6i thu qnh tranh theo phuang cham: "thAy t~n m~t. dm t~n tay". each lam nay co th~ hilu hi~u v&i nguai nong dan v6n di co quan ni~m "thAy m&i tin". Khi do, co th~ thuyBt phvc nong dan ap dvng phuang phap san xuAt m&i, gi6ng m&i.
ThuyBt phl)c, h6 trq cac thuang lai trong ho~t d(>ng tuyen truy€n thong tin v€ thi truang dBn nguoi nong dan. Thong tin tir thuang lai se c6 anh hu6ng m~nh dBn nguoi nong dan vi day la d6i tac l&n nhAt cua hQ.
TiBn hanh thanh l~p cac hi~p hQi nganh hang trong llnh V\fC san xuAt nong nghi~p (vf dv nhu hi~p h9i nhOng nguai nuoi tom, nhOng nguai trbng quyt, hi~p hQi nhOng nguai trbng bum ... ) v&i quy mo san xuAt cua hi~p hQi phiti chiBm thi phAn chu yBu trong t6ng san luQTig cua vung. Day chfnh la d~i di~n cua nhUng nguai nong dan nh~m c6 du kha nang d~ tiBn hanh dam phan trl)'c tiBp v&i cac doanh nghi~p thu mua, chB biBn va xuAt khAu. Vi~c thanh l~p cac hi~p h9i nganh ngh€ nay se pha va tinh tr~ng d9c quy€n mua tren thi truang
nong si'm va thj truemg hie nay se tr& thanh thi truemg d9c quyen ban (do d6 ciing doi hoi vai tro c\ia nha ntTUC trong vi~c qufm ly S\f ho~t dQng CUa cac hi~p hQi, tranh gay ra cac
bi~n dQng xfiu tren thj truong do tlnh tr~ng dQC quyen CUa cac hi~p hQi nganh hang).
Cac hi~p h9i c6 th€ ti~n hanh dam phan tr\fc ti~p vm cac doanh nghi~p thu mua, ch~
bi~n va xufit khAu nong si'm nh~m xac djnh gia cua nong si'm tren CO' s& tuan thu cac quy
lu~t cung-du cua nong sim (t6t nhfit nen th\fc hi~n vi~c dam phan gia tru&c khi ti~n hanh
Vl,l mua). Va day ciing chfnh la muc gia nguai nong dan se ban nong sim sau khi thu ho~ch
cho cac doanh nghi~p ch~ bi~n. xufit khAu, va k€ ca khi ban cho cac thuang lai dia phuang. Vm CO' ch~ nay, nhiing nguai nong dan trong hi~p h9i se duqc dam bao tieu thl,l san phAm v&i m9t muc gia dinh tru&c nen tranh duqc nhiing rui ro khong tieu th1,1 duqc san phAm
ho~c bj thuang lru ep gia.
Hi~p h9i nganh hang nong san xufit khAu se c6 nhiing quy djnh ve chAt luqng san
phAm, quy trlnh ki€m soat qua trlnh san xufit Cl,l th€ nh~m dam bao san phAm san xufit ra
cua hi~p h9i c6 chAt luqng t6t va d6ng b9 v&i nhau (Nhiing ngum nong dan khong tuan thu
nhung quy djnh nay co th€ bi lo~i ra khoi hi~p h9i va se rAt kh6 khan trong vi~c tieu th1,1 san phAm). Dieu nay se c6 tac d9ng nang cao chAt luqng nong san, tranh duqc tlnh tr~ng nhiing hQ nong dan Slr dl,lng cac lo~i h6a chAt d9c h~i va cac lo~i thu6c kich thfch tang tru&ng qua muc ... Day chfnh la nhiing tieu chuAn tien quy~t giup xay d\fllg hlnh anh thuang hi~u cua hi~p hQi, giup cac san phAm cua hi~p hQi c6 th€ d€ dang VUQ't qua cac rao can ve chAt luqng san phAm va xam nh~p vao cac thi truemg mm.
Cac hi~p h9i nong san xufit khAu se d€ dang han trong vi~c n~m b~t cac thong tin ve
thj truemg trong nu&c va qu6c t~. dua ra cac k~ ho~ch san xufit dai h~n va cac chi~n luge
ti~p c~n nguai tieu dung m9t each c6 hi~u qua (nhiing dieu nay hAu nhu khong th€ th\fc
hi~n duqc d6i v&i mQt hQ nong dan rieng h~). Vi d1,1, cac hi~p hQi v&i tiem l\fC va kha nang
phat tri~n dai h~n, thl,l'C hi~n c:ic chuong trlnh qufmg cao quy ffiO ... thong qua do tirng buac
rna r()ng thi truemg nong san cua hi~p h()i 6' n()i dja va qu6c te.
3.2.2. Cong ngh? va chuyin giao cong ngh?
ve vAn de cong ngh~ va chuy~n giao cong ngh~, chung toi nghr dn tlm m()t kenh thong tin hfru hi~u v6i nha nong. Nghia la, khi noi chuy~n v6i ngueri dan ve vAn de khoa hQC cong ngh~ thl khong nhAt thiet phai meri cac nha khoa hQC, cac ky SU trlnh dQ cao trlnh bay rna co th~ t~n d\mg hai kenh thong tin gAn giii: nhan vien khuyen nong va nong dan san xuAt gi6i.
Nang cao nang lvc cua nhan vien khuyen nong, m()t kenh thOng tin rAt quan tr<;>ng d6i v6i ngueri nong dan. Nhan vien khuyen nong thuemg nh~n duqc SIJ tin tu6'ng cua nong dan trong qua trlnh san xuAt kinh doanh vl hQ thuemg gAn giii v6i nong dan. M~t khac, nhan vien khuyen nong ciing duqc c~p nh~t thOng tin ve chfnh sach va cong nghi~p. Vl v~y, dn nang cao nang ll,l'C CUa nhan vien khuyen nong d~ hQ CO th~ tiep nh~n cong ngh~ ffiQt each dAy du va chuy~n giao m()t each tr<;>n Vyn cho ngueri nong dan.
T~o dieu ki~n cho cac nong dan san xuAt gi6i trong vung tiep c~n cong ngh~ mm va huang dfin hQ truyen thong tin cho cac nong dan khac trong vung.
Vi~c thanh l~p cac hi~p h()i ciing la dieu ki~n d~ cac h() nong dan th6ng nhAt quy
trlnh san xuAt tir vi~c Iva ch<;>n con gi6ng den vi~c su d\mg cac lo~i thu6c baa v~ thvc v~t, thu6c trir sau, phan bon ... , tranh tlnh tr~ng m6i hQ san xuAt thea m()t quy trlnh khac nhau d~n den chAt luqng san phAm khong d6ng deu. Dieu nay cho thAy r~ng cac hi~p h()i se rAt
thu~n lqi trong vi~c san xuAt ra cac lo~i nong san d~t tieu chuAn qu6c te voi san luqng l&n,
va nhu v~y tfnh qnh tranh cua cac san phAm nong san se duqc nang cao tru&c cac d6i thu qnh tranh qu6c te.
Cac hi~p h()i ciing la kenh thu~n lqi d~ ap dvng cac cong ngh~ mm va thl,l'C hi~n vi~c
chuy~n giao cong ngh~ m()t each hi~u qua va tri~t d~ tren quy mo 16n. Vi d\1 co m()t cong
ngh~ mai trong linh VIJC tr6ng cam, CaC can bQ ky thu~t CUa hi~p hQi (ho~C ffiQt s6 hQ nong
dan c6 trlnh d9, c6 kinh nghi~m dugc hi~p h9i chQn) se ti€n ha.nh nghien cU'U, thu nghi~p
ky thu~t m&i tren m9t ph(;lm vi nh6, sau d6 n€u th~mh cong thi ky thu~t nay se dugc hi~p
h9i truyen ba cho tfi.t ca ca.c h9 nong dan trong hi~p h9i, tir d6 cong ngh~ m&i se dugc ap d\tng r9ng khiip va hoan toan thay th€ cong ngh~ cu.
3.2.3.Quiin lj tai chfnh va Quiin lj chung
H6 trg, t1;1o dieu ki~n cho cac ho1;1t d9ng c9ng dbng chinh thuc (h9i nghi) va khong chinh thuc (quan ca phe khuy€n nong) trong d6, cac nha nong se trao d6i kinh nghi~m quan 1y cilng nhu each su dvng ngubn v6n m9t each hgp 1y. v &i each nay, nhilng nguai nuoi trbng theo nhfrng mo hinh khac nhau se hQC t~p dtrQ'C kinh nghi~m quan 1y 1frn nhau. Nguai trbng 1ua cilng c6 the hQc t~p dugc kinh nghi~m quan 1y tir nguai trbng cay an qua va ngugc 11;li. Tuyen duong nhilng dien hinh quan 1y t6t va ph6 bi€n r9ng dii nhilng kinh
nghi~m quim 1y den cho cac nong dan trong vung.
* Quiin lj tai chfnh
Cac h9 nong dan khi da tham gia vao hi~p h9i se c6 S\f quan tam cao hon trong vi~c
theo doi va 1tru trfr CaC thong tin ve chi phi san xufi.t, nang 1\fC san xufi.t CUa hQ .... Vi day chinh 1a CO' sa de CaC hQ nong dan \IGC tinh chi phf San xufi.t, 1gi nh~n ky VQng, CaC rui fO tai chinh ... Tren CO' sa nhilng thong tin nay cua cac h9i vien, hi~p h9i m&i c6 the tien hanh dam phan v&i cac doanh nghi~p ve gia nong san va san 1ugng cam ket cung dp sao cho muc gia nay du bu diip chi phi san xufi.t cua cac h9i vien, dbng thai dam bao dugc m9t muc
1gi nhu~n ky vQng hgp 1y cho cac h9i vien trong hi~p h9i. Ben Cl;lCh d6, v&i ngubn thu nh~p
tuong ddi 6n djnh va khdi 1ugng san phAm san xufi.t ra dugc dam bao bao tieu, cac h9 nong dan se thu~n 1¢ hon trong vi~c tiep c~n v&i ngubn v6n vay cua ngan hang (khi cac hi~p h9i h01;1t dQng hi~U qua, cac ngan hang se yen tam hon trong Vi~c cho cac hQ nong dan trong
hi~p h9i vay v6n).
Ngoai ra, khi cac thong tin ve ket qua san xufi.t, tinh hinh tai chinh dugc quan tam theo doi va 1uu trfr qua cac nam, day 1a m9t ngubn tu li~u quy gia giup nguai nong dan c6
the so sanh chi phf san xu~t v6'i nhau, tir d6 phat hi~n duqc nhling v~n d~ con t6n t~i trong qua trlnh san xu~t va c6 cac giai phap di~u chinh hqp ly. Ben c~nh d6, ngu6n thong tin nay cling d6ng thm h6 trq cac hQ nong dan u6'c doan duqc nhi'ing bien d(>ng c6 kha nang se xay
ra tren thi trubng va dua ra duqc nhi'ing bi~n phap d6i ph6 htlu hi~u .
* Quiin ly chung
Hi~n nay, da s6 cac h(> nong dan chu yeu giao dich v6'i hJc luqng thuong lai dia
phuong, nhi~u nong san da den ky thu ho~ch va chu yeu la qua cac hqp d6ng mi~ng nen thubng xuyen bi thuong lai ep gia. Day chfnh la m(>t h~n che cua cac lo~i m~t hang nong san n6i chung do d~c diem cua nong san la t6'i ky thl phai thu ho~ch neu khong san phdm se giam ch~t luqng m(>t each nhanh chong ho~c bi hOng hoan toan, d6ng thai thai gian bao quan cho phep cua cac lo~i nong san hAu bet d~u r~t ng~n (khoang vai ngay) do do ngum nong dan c6 nhu du ban ngay khi thu ho~ch. Day la co s& de hJc luqng thuong lai dja phuong ep gia nguai nong dan (khong ban cling d6 b6). Do d6 de giai quyet tlnh tr~ng nay cac h(> nong dan khi da tham gia vao cac hi~p h(>i nganh ngh~ se lam vi~c chu yeu d\}'a tren cac hqp d6ng, th6a thu~n gifra hi~p h(>i v6'i cac h(> dan. Cac hqp d6ng nay se duqc xac dinh m(>t each 6n dinh cho m(>t khoang thm gian tuong d6i nh~m dam bao cho qua trlnh san
xu~t cua nguai nong dan. Tren CO' sa d6, san phAm san xu~t ra cua nguai nong dan da duqc
dam bao bao tieu ngay tir dAu nen ngum nong dan r~t yen tam san xuk Ngoai ra, cac ngu6n dAu vao qua trlnh san xu~t nhu cay con gi6ng, pMn bon ... d~u duqc chu d(>ng theo m(>t quy trlnh san xu~t da duqc quy dinh tru6'c.
Ben c~nh d6, vai tro cua nguai nong dan cling r~t quan trQng nh~m dam bao S\f t6n
t~i 6n djnh cua cac hi~p h(>i. Nhi'ing h(> nong dan dn phai ton trQng vai tro cua hi~p hQi va nhling cam ket gifra mlnh v6'i hi~p h(>i, d~c bi~t khi tlnh hlnh thi trubng di€n bien phuc t~p
(vf d\f nhu khi gia cua m(>t m~t hang nong san nao d6 tren thi trubng tang cao, cao hon
nhi~u sao v6'i muc gia bao tieu cua hi~p h(>i thl nhi'ing nguai nong dan khong nen vl tu lqi
nang d~n t6i SIJ tan di CUa hi~p hQi nganh hang do). £>6ng thai cac hi~p h(>i cfing dn CO cac
bi~n phap tfch c1Jc, du m~nh nh~m dam bao siJ hqp tac cua nhiing ngucri nong dan. Vf dv
nhu trong truang hqp h9 nong dan 1\f y vi ph~p hqp d6ng, dem nong san ban cho thuong lai ben ngoai thl phai l~p tuc lo~i tru h9 nong dan do ra khoi hi~p h(>i, khong bao tieu san phAm cho hQ nong dan do ntl'a. Va kSt qua la nhiing h9 nong dan n~m ngoai hi~p h(>i se kho co kha nang tieu thv san phAm va gia ca se rit hip benh.
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