Based on the scheme as identified as conceptual framework of the study:
+MOTION STANDS FOR EMOTION+ and +EMOTION IS MOTION+, 16 English motion verbs expressing emotion are analyzed as follows:
As already seen, there exist innumerable verbs of motion, which necessitated a delimitation of the data. These verbs were chosen because they all, in their chosen senses, express full body movement. Levin‟s classification of verbs of motion in combination with Fillmore‟s lexical entries and division into frames was the basis of the criteria for the verbs of full body movement chosen for this study. The verbs can also be divided according to their spatial areas. As we shall see some of them differ in sense depending on in which spatial area the motion is situated and some of them express a similar movement in different spatial areas.
Table 4.1: Sorting of verbs according to their spatial areas
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Moving on land: climb, crawl, hop, jump, leap, roll, run, stagger, tiptoe, walk.
Moving through air: dive, float, fly, roll.
Moving through water: dive, float, plunge, swim.
Table 4.2. Sorting of verbs according to their spatial directions Up: climb, fly, hop, jump, leap.
Down: dive, plunge.
Forward at level: crawl, dive, hop, leap, roll, run, stagger, swim, tiptoe, walk.
Backwards: none.
Table 4.3. orting of verbs according to Fillmore’s frames Motion: float, fly, go, roll.
Motion_directional: plunge.
Path_shape: dive.
Self_motion: climb, crawl, hop, jump, leap, run, stagger, swim, tiptoe, walk.
After sorting out these verbs in terms of metaphorical meaning of emotion, their expressed emotions as follows:
4.1.1 Expressed emotion for ANGER/ FURY
There are 8 verbs in accordance with this: climb, fly, go off, go mad, go crazy, hop, jump and run, in which:
- climb is to indicate that someone suffers unpleasant feelings, such as anxiety, in an extreme way, for example: to be climbing the walls
with boredom/anger/frustration, for example:
A period of almost literally climbing the wall.
(BNC)
- fly is to express that someone suddenly become very angry, one can use fly into a rage, fly into a temper, fly into a fury; and to fly off the handle is to react in a very angry way to something that someone says or does. Let‟s see the following example:
Paul flies into a spasm of terror.
She flew into a rage.
(BNC) Some of these escapades upset Mrs Cohen, who was given to flying off the handle.
(BNC) Well...now, don’t fly off the handle again, Harry.
(Harry Potter 5, p. 296)
45 - go in go off, go mad and go crazy
When someone gets very angry about something or lose control of yourself, one can use go off the deep end, go mad and go crazy, for example:
You could go mad there, Our am’ll go mad. (BNC) The place would go crazy, Have you gone crazy or something?
(BNC)
If someone gets unnecessarily excited or agitated; lose your temper; have an irregular love affair, (possibly from the reaction of someone who did not intend to go in thus), one can use go (in) off the deep end, for example:
I always try and assess their maturity in order to judge whether they might go off the deep end as soon as they have success their maturity in order to judge whether they might go off the deep end as soon as they have success.
(BNC)
- hop is rarely used today to expression emotion, it was used to as hopping mad as old- fashioned to express very angry, for example:
Who was also hopping mad (BNC)
- jump is used when someone feels angry or annoyed with be jumping up and down or jump down somebody’s throat to react angrily to something someone says or does;
jump all over to rebuke and berate vigorously; for example:
Oh, no, he cried loudly jumping up and down in anger.
(BNC) He’s probably jumping up and down with fury.
(BNC) - run is used when someone is and behave in a temper, for example:
Run around like a cut cat: be and behave in a temper.
(WT)
4.1.2 Expressed emotion for FEAR
Some motion verbs express emotion for FEAR like crawl, leap, run, stagger, tiptoe and walk on eggshells.
- crawl is used to make someone very anxious or frightened with make your flesh crawl/creep, for example:
I don’ t mind spiders but worms make my flesh crawl.
(WT) - leap is used in Jump/leap out of your skin when someone is extremely surprised by something, for example:
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The loud noise made me jump out of my skin.
- run is used when a sound, sight or thought that makes someone‟s blood run cold frightens someone very much, one can use make your blood run cold, for example:
I heard a tapping on the window which made my blood run cold.
(CALD) - stagger is in the form of staggered, according to CALD, when someone is very shocked or surprised and is used in the form of staggering when someone feels very shocking or surprising, for example:
He staggered all his colleagues by suddenly announcing that he was leaving the company at the end of the month.
(CALD)
- tiptoe with Tiptoe round/around somebody/ something is used when someone avoids dealing with a difficult subject, problem or person, for example:
As war broke out, Turkey tiptoed. Was it going to war?
(BNC) - walk on eggshells is used if you are walking on eggs/eggshells, you are being very careful not to offend someone or do anything wrong, for example:
When my mother is staying at our house, I feel like I'm walking on eggshells.
(CALD)
4.1.3 Expressed emotion for JOY/HAPPINESS
The following verbs express JOY/ HAPPINESS: float, jump, leap, roll and walk on air - float expresses when someone is very happy with be floating on air or floating on clouds.
- jump indicates when someone is extremely happy with jump for joy, for example:
Rushdie’s minders jump for joy.
(CALD) - leap in fit to leap out of her skin is used to express someone is transported with joy, for example:
His disappointment had turned to joy and he leapt in the air, relieved the Bookman had escaped.
(BNC) - roll is used when someone is laughing uncontrollably in the form of rolling in the aisles, for example:
A teller of tall tales has been brought in to help would-be vicars keep the congregation rolling in the aisles.
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(BNC) Ron [...] went into a raucous peal of laughter [...] Harry [...] watched Ron rolling around on the hearthrug.
(Harry Potter V, p.404) - walk on air is used when someone feel extremely excited or happy, for example:
After the delivery of her baby, she was walking on air.
(CALD) Tread/Walk on air Be elated, jubilant.
(WT)
4.1.4 Expressed emotion for SADNESS
There are only two patters of motion verb expressing SADNESS:
- go to pieces is used if someone goes/falls to pieces, they become unable to think clearly and control their emotions because of something unpleasant or difficult that they have experienced, for example:
She just goes (all) to pieces in exams.
- walk over a cliff is used when someone comes to sudden grief.
All the above are the metaphorical meanings of motion verbs expressing emotion in English. Besides that, it is found out that the metaphorical category +EMOTION IS MOTION+ can be distinguished from the examples of emotion metaphors in different kinds of verb as mentioned above, furthermore it can be divided into three subcategories: The first category is: +EMOTION AS MOVEMENT BY THE BODY+ as in dive, float, fly, go off, hop, jump, leap, roll, stagger, swim, tiptoe and walk. The second is: +EMOTION AS MOVEMENT ON THE BODY+ as crawl and the third one is: +EMOTION AS MOVEMENT IN THE BODY+ as run. The metonymic schema +MOTION STANDS FOR EMOTION+ is for example applicable on climb, be climbing the walls is in fact a metonymy as it is subordinated the +BEHAVIOURAL REACTION FOR EMOTION+ category of emotion metonymies.
There are semantic similarities between hop, jump and leap and also similarities in the construction of emotion metaphors containing these verbs, nevertheless hop represents ANGER, jump represents both ANGER and JOY and leap represents JOY.
All in all, motion verbs expressing emotion can be summarized as follows:
Table 4.4 Sorting of verbs according to their expressed emotions ANGER/FURY climb, fly, go off, go mad, go crazy, hop, jump, run FEAR crawl, leap, run, stagger, tiptoe & walk on eggshells
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JOY/HAPPINESS float, jump, leap, roll & walk on air SADNESS go to pieces & walk over a cliff
Dive and plunge exist in metaphors but not in conventionalized emotion metaphors. In the table …. Above, there are 27 emotion metaphors, 22 of these metaphors express basic emotions and 4 express subordinate emotion.